Chemical |
Carbaryl |
CAS-number : |
63-25-2 |
|
Synonyms : |
1-naftyyli-N-metyylikarbamaatti |
1-naphthyl methyl carbamate |
1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate |
carbamine |
dicarbam |
hexavin |
Karbaryyli |
methylcarbamate 1-naphthol |
methylcarbamic acid, 1-naphthyl ester |
N-methyl-alpha-naphthylcarbamate |
N-methyl-alpha-naphthylurethan |
sevin |
tricarnam |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
C12H11NO2 |
EINECS-number : |
2005550 |
|
Uses : |
Insecticide, pesticide.
|
|
State and appearance : |
White crystalline solid.
|
|
Molecular weight : |
201.24 |
|
Spesicif gravity (water=1) : |
1.232 |
at 20 °C |
|
Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
0.005 |
< 0.005 mm, 26 °C |
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
100 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
142 |
|
142 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
Atmospheric photolysis half-life:
52hr - 200hr,
scientific judgement based upon aqueous photolysis data
(Howard 1991).
Photooxidation half-life in air:
4.5min - 7.4hr,
scientific judgement based upon an estimated rate constant for
the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air
(Howard 1991)
|
|
Photochemical degradation in water : |
direct photolysis
pH half-life, days
5 6.6
7 6.6
9 - (Verschueren 1983).
--
Aquatic photolysis half-life:
52 hr - 200hr, based upon reported photolysis half-life for
summer and winter sunlight at 40°N (Howard 1991).
|
|
Hydrolysis in water : |
hydrolysis
pH half-life, days
5 1500
7 15
9 0.15
Calculation based on neutral and alkaline hydrolysis assuming
pseudo-first-order kinetics (Verschueren 1983).
First-order hydrolysis half-life:
13d, scientific judgement based upon base rate constant (3.61 x
10M-1min-1) at pH 7 and 25°C (Howard 1991)
First-order hydrolysis half-life:
3.6yr, scientific judgement based upon base rate constant
(3.61 x 10M-1min-1) at pH 5 and 25°C (Howard 1991).
|
|
Hydrolysis in base : |
Base rate costant 3.61 x 100M-1min-1,
(t1/2=3.2hours) Based upon rate constant at pH 9 and 27°C
(Howard 1991)
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
0.003 |
4.5min - 7.4hr, |
0.31 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated |
|
photooxidation half-life in air, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
22 |
Li et al. 1990 |
|
-- |
0.13 |
3.2hr - 720hr, |
30 |
scientific judgement based upon aqueous hydrolysis |
|
half-life for pH 9 and 28°C and unacclimated |
|
aerobic biodegradation half-life, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
0.13 |
3.2hr - 200hr, |
8.33 |
in surface water, scientific judgement based upon |
|
aqueous hydrolysis half-life for pH 9 and 28°C |
|
and photolysis half-life for winter sunlight |
|
at 40°C N, |
0.13 |
3.2hr - 1440hr, |
60 |
in ground water, scientific judgement base upon |
|
aqueous hydrolysis half-life for pH 9 and 28°C |
|
and unacclimated aerobic biodegradation half-life, |
|
(Howard 1991) |
|
Aerobic degradation in soil : |
Biolysis by bacteria: half-life: > 30000 days (minimum value
assuming a bacterial population of 0.1 mg/l
(Wolfe et al. 1978).
|
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
Aerobic half-life:
1.7d - 30d, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated
aerobic river die-away test data and freshwater grab sample
data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic half-life:
6.7d - 120d, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated
aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard 1991).
|
|
Total degradation in water : |
Persistence in river water in a sealed glass jar under sunlight
and artificial fluorescent light - initial concentration
0.010 mg/l
% of original compound found
after 1 hr 1 wk 2 wk 4 wk 8 wk
90 5 0 0 0
(Eichelberger & Lichtenberg 1971).
Biodegradation:
8* - 65% by BOD (* 1-Naphtol was observed)
period: 28d
substance: 30 mg/l
sludge: 100 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
|
|
Ready biodegradability : |
Confirmed to be biodegradable (Anon. 1987). |
|
Other information of degradation : |
Biolysis by bacteria: half-life > 30000 days, Verschueren 1983
|
|
Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
140 |
Ictalurus, Verschueren 1983 |
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Bioconcentration factor (crustaceans):
260 (Verschueren 1983).
Bioconcentration factor (algae):
4000 (Verschueren 1983).
Bioconcentration factor (other):
300, snails
3600, Lemna sp.
(Verschueren 1983) |
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
250 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
-- |
500 |
orl-rat, female, Anon 1976 |
850 |
orl-rat, male |
|
-- |
150 |
orl-cat |
250 |
orl-gpg |
212 |
orl-mus |
710 |
orl-rbt |
|
Sweet 1987 |
|
LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
4000 |
skn-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
2000 |
skn-rbt, - " - |
|
-- |
640 |
ipr-ham |
25 |
ipr-mus |
41.9 |
ivn-rat |
6717 |
scu-mus |
1400 |
scu-rat |
2000 |
skn-rbt |
|
Sweet 1987 |
|
TDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
375 |
orl-dog, 3-62d preg. |
|
specigic developmental abnormalities |
394 |
orl-dog, 1-63d preg. |
|
specigic developmental abnormalities |
197 |
orl-dog, 1-63d preg. |
|
effects on fertility |
250 |
orl-ham, effects on embryo of fetus |
912 |
orl-pig, 1-16w preg., eff. on fertility |
1370 |
orl-rat, paternal effects |
5475 |
orl-rat, maternal effects |
5640 |
orl-rat, tumorigenic |
|
Sweet 1987 |
|
TDLo values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
900 |
6 - 15d, preg., scu-mus |
|
specific developmental abnormalities |
4176 |
6 - 14d, preg., scu-mus |
|
effects on embryo of fetus |
80 |
implant-rat, tumorigenic |
|
Sweet 1987 |
|
Other information of mammals : |
Dietary feeding; rats fed for 2 years on a diet containing 200
ppm suffered no ill effects
(Martin 1968).
|
|
Carcinogenicity : |
Carcinogenicity: negative
(McCann et al. 1975).
|
|
Mutagenicity : |
Mutagenicity in the Salmonella test: negative;
< 0.008 revertant colonies/nmol
< 70 revertant colonies at 2.0 mg/plate
(McCann et al. 1975).
|
|
LD50 values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
56 |
orl-bwd, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
-- |
56.2 |
56.2 - 150, orl-Agelaius phoeniceus |
150 |
|
100 |
=,>100, orl-Passer domesticus |
|
Schafer et al. 1983 |
|
Effects on amphibia : |
LC50 (96hr), 55.34 ppm, tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla
(Khangarot et al. 1985).
|
|
Effects on invertebrates : |
Invertebrates; 50 days, 1 mg/l, abundance effect (number of
organisms in the same species changes)
(Hanazoto & Yasuno 1987).
|
|
Effects on bees : |
Bees: 48 hr, LC50: 3.8 - 4.5 ppm in food
(Winterlin & Walker 1973).
|
|
Effects on anthropods : |
LC50 (96hr), 0.624 mg/l, Ranatra elongata
(Shukla et al. 1982).
NOEC (96hr), 0.0048 mg/l, Pteronarcys californica
NOEC (96hr), 0.0017 mg/l, Pteronarcella badia
NOEC (96hr), 0.0056 mg/l, Claassenia sabulosa
(Sanders & Cope 1968).
LC50 (30 days), 0.0022 mg/l; NOEC (30 days), 0.0013 mg/l;
Acroneuria lycorias
(Verschueren 1983).
LC50 (30 days), 0.023 mg/l; NOEC (30 days), 0.0115 mg/l;
Pteronarcys dorsata
(Verschueren 1983).
LC50 (30 days), 0.0027 mg/l; NOEC (30 days), 0.0018 mg/l;
Hydropsyche bettoni
(Verschueren 1983).
Insect larvae: Chaoborus: 48 hr, LC50: 0.296 ppm
n: 48 hr, LC50: 0.48 ppm
(Verschueren 1983).
Fourth instar larval Chironomus riparius: 24 hr, LC50: 104.5
ppb
(Estenik & Collins 1979).
Rice-field spider (Oedothorax insecticeps): LD50: 840 ppm
(Ishikura 1972).
|
|
Effects on microorganisms : |
Bacteria: Pseudomonas putida; inhibition of cell multiplication
starts at > 50 mg/l
(Bringmann & Kühn 1976).
|
|
LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
0.03 |
Microcystis aeruginosa, Bringmann & |
|
Kühn 1976 |
|
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.00064 |
act, Daphnia pulex, Kenaga 1979 |
|
-- |
0.006 |
48 hr, Daphnia pulex, Shapiro 1979 |
|
-- |
0.0326 |
96hr, Macrobrachium lamarrei |
|
Shukla & Omkar 1984 |
|
-- |
0.019 |
96hr, Macrobrachium lamarrei |
|
Omkar & Shukla 1985 |
|
-- |
0.029 |
96hr, Gammarus pulex |
|
Bluzat & Seuge 1979 |
|
-- |
0.007 |
96hr, Palaemon macrodactylus |
|
Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
0.74 |
act, Daphnia pulex, Frear & Boyd 1967 |
|
-- |
0.05 |
act, Daphnia pulex |
|
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
|
-- |
0.00085 |
act, Daphnia pulex |
|
Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967 |
|
-- |
2 |
24hr,Daphnia magna,Bogacka & Groba 1980 |
1 |
48hr,Daphnia magna |
|
-- |
1 |
4d, Procambarus clarkii |
|
Andreu-Moliner et al. 1986 |
|
-- |
2.87 |
96hr, Orconectes nais |
|
Phipps & Holcombe 1985 |
|
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.006 |
48hr, Daphnia pulex, Shapiro 1979 |
|
NOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.016 |
96hr, Gammarus lacustris, Sanders 1969 |
0.026 |
96hr, Gammarus fasciatus |
|
-- |
0.0056 |
96hr, Palaemonetes kanadiakensis |
0.0086 |
96hr, Orconectes nais |
0.24 |
96hr, Asellus brevicaudus |
0.0076 |
48hr, Simocephalus serrulatus |
|
Sanders 1972 |
|
-- |
0.0064 |
48hr, Daphnia pulex,Sanders & Cope 1966 |
0.005 |
63 days, Daphnia magna |
|
-- |
0.008 |
chr, Daphnia, Biesinger 1973 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.86 |
96 hr, Salmo gairdneri, Phipps & |
|
Holcombe 1985 |
|
-- |
0.76 |
96hr, Oncorhynchus kisutch |
6.8 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
13.2 |
96hr, Carassius auratus |
7.5 |
96hr, Cyprinus carpio |
4.3 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
2 |
96hr, Salmo trutta m. lacustris |
0.75 |
96hr, Perca fluviatilis |
|
Macek & McAllister 1970 |
|
-- |
3.4 |
24hr, Lepomis macrochirus,Edwards 1977 |
3.5 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
|
-- |
13 |
48hr, Cyprinus carpio |
10 |
> 10, 48hr, Carassius auratus |
|
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
|
-- |
4.7 |
96hr, Lebistes reticulatus |
|
Bogacka & Groba 1980 |
|
-- |
0.76 |
sfd, 96hr, Morone saxatilis, juv. |
2.3 |
1 %. salt water, 96hr, Morone |
|
saxatilis,juv. |
|
Palawski et al. 1985 |
|
-- |
11.2 |
act, Lepomis macrochirus, Kenaga 1979 |
4.34 |
act, Salmo gairdneri |
14.6 |
act, Pimephales promelas |
|
-- |
2 |
180 days, Channa punctatus |
|
Saxena & Garg 1978 |
|
-- |
40 |
24hr, Gambusia affinis |
31.8 |
96hr, Gambusia affinis |
|
Chaiyarach et al. 1975 |
|
-- |
13.51 |
24hr, Cyprinus carpio |
10.36 |
96hr, Cyprinus carpio |
|
Bhattacharya et al. 1975 |
|
-- |
2.83 |
4d, Salmo gairdneri |
|
McKim et al. 1987 |
|
-- |
3.7 |
96hr, Barbus ticto ticto |
2.4 |
48hr, Rasbora heteromorpha |
|
Kemp et al. 1973 |
|
-- |
5.01 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas |
0.86 |
96hr, Salmo Gairdneri |
16.7 |
96hr, Carassius auratus |
12.4 |
96hr, Ictalurus punctatus |
6.97 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
|
Phipps & Holcombe 1985 |
|
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.068 |
Pimephales promelas, Carlson 1972 |
|
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.21 |
srv, rpd, chr, Pimephales promelas |
0.3 |
chr, Pimephales promelas |
|
Carlson 1972 |
|
-- |
9 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas |
0.21 |
6 months, Pimephales promelas |
0.68 |
6 months, srv, rpd, Pimephales promelas |
|
Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
6.76 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
11.2 |
96hr, Lepomis microlophus |
6.4 |
96hr, Micropterus salmoides |
4.34 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
1.95 |
96hr, Salmo trutta |
0.764 |
96hr, Oncorhynchus kisutch |
0.745 |
96hr, Perca flavescens |
15.8 |
96hr, Ictalurus punctatus |
20 |
96hr, Ictalurus melas |
|
Macek & McAllister 1970 |
|
Other information of water organisms : |
Algae: Microcystis aeruginosa: inhibition of cell multiplication
starts at 0.03 mg/l (Bringmann & Kühn 1976).
Crustacean:
Cancer magister (Ducgeness crab):
6 ppb (egg/prezoeal) Prevention of hatching and molting (96hr)
10 ppb (zoea) Prevention of hatching and molting (96hr)
280 ppb (juvenile) Death or paralysis (96 hr)
180 ppb (adult) Death or paralysis (96 hr)
(Verschueren 1983).
Molluscs:
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster):
2200 ppb; 48hr, larvae; EC50 prevention of development to
straight linge shell stage (Verschueren 1983).
Mytilus edulis (bay mussel):
2300 ppb; 96hr, larvae; EC50 prevention of development to
straight linge shell stage (Verschueren 1983).
Salmo gairdneri; lethal threshold concentration (LT50): 5.167
mg/l; 0.57 days (McKim et al. 1987).
LC50, >27.0 mg/l, 96hr, snail, Phipps & Holcombe 1985.
|
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