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Data bank of environmental chemicals     |     The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)
 


28.3.2024

Data bank of environmental properties of chemicals


Chemical
2,4-D
CAS-number :
94-75-7
 
Synonyms :
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-dikloorifenoksietikkahappo
 
Sumformula of the chemical :
C8H6Cl2O3
EINECS-number :
2023611
 
Uses :
Active ingredient in herbicides.
 
State and appearance :
White powder
 
Molecular weight :
221.04
 
Vapor pressure, mmHg :
0.0000006  McCall et al.1983
0.000008  20 - 25 °C, Weber et al. 1980
 
Water solubility, mg/l :
650  Weber et al.1980
 
Melting point, °C :
136  136 - 140
 
pKa :
2.8  Bovey & Young 1980, Weber et. al. 1980
 
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow :
2.82  20 °C, Verschueren 1983
  --
2.62  LOGKOW 1994
 
Photochemical degradation in air :
Photooxidation half-life in air:
18hr - 1.8hr, scientific judgement based upon an estimated rate 
constant for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in 
air (Howard 1991).
 
Photochemical degradation in water :
Aquatic photolysis half-life:
4d - 2d, reported photolysis half-lives for aqueous solution 
irradiated at UV wavelength of 356 nm (Howard 1991).
 
Half-life in air, days :
0.75  18hr - 1.8hr,
0.075  scientific judgement based upon estimated photooxidation halflife in air.
  Howard 1991
 
Half-life in soil, days :
Li et al. 1990
  --
50  50d - 10d,
10  scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life.
  Howard 1991
 
Half-life in water, days :
4d - 2d,
in surface water: scientific judgement based upon reported photolysis half-lives for aqueous solution irradiated at UV wavelength of 356 nm,
180  6mo - 20d,
20  in ground water: scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives.
  Howard 1991
 
Aerobic degradation in water :
Aerobic half-life:
50d - 10d, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aerobic 
river die away test (Howard 1991).
 
Anaerobic degradation in water :
Anaerobic half-life:
6mo - 4w, reported half-lives based upon unacclimated aqueous 
screening test data (Howard 1991).
 
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg :
370  orl-rat,Lewis & Sweet 1984
100  orl-dog
 
LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg :
1500  skn-rat,Lewis & Sweet 1984
1400  skn-rbt
 
LDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg :
800  orl-rbt,Lewis & Sweet 1984
 
LD50 values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg :
541  orl-ckn,Lewis & Sweet 1984
 
Effects on plants :
0.017 kg 2,4-D/ha reduced root weight of sugarbeets (Beta
vulgaris) (Scweizer 1978).

Incubation of segments of barley coleoptile and Sesbania
exaltata hypocotyls in 1 % sucrose containing 2 ppm 2,4-D
inhibited protein synthesis by 15 and 4 %, respectively
(Mann et al. 1965).

Aspen plants (Populus tremula) were grown in 0.000001 M 2,4-D
solution -> swelling of the stem base, time of survival -> 25
days; 0.00001 M -> epinastic curvatures, necrosis on the
leaves, swelling of the stem base, time of survival 20 days
(Eliasson 1963).
 
LOEC values to algae, mg/l :
50  Chlorococcus,Walsh 1972
  Isochrystis galbana
  Phaeodactylum tricornutum
 
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l :
< 1,Daphnia magna,Kenaga 1979
  --
100  48 hr, Daphnia magna
  Crosby & Tucker 1966
  --
40  > 40, act, Daphnia magna
  Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981
  --
363  363 - 389, 48hr, Daphnia magna
389  Bogacka et al. 1983
  --
36.4  48hr, Daphnia magna,Alexander et al.1985
  --
144.1  4d, Eudiaptomus gracilis
  Presing & Ponyi 1986
 
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l :
1.1  48hr,Salmo gairdneri,Edwards 1977
0.9  48hr,Lepomis macrochirus
  --
0.39  act, Lepomis macrochirus,Kenaga 1979
2.1  act, Salmo gairdneri
act, Pimephales promelas
  --
96  96hr, Cyprinus carpio,Biro 1979
71  96hr, Poelicia reticulata
12.9  48hr, embryo, Alburnus alburnus
  --
5.1  5.1 - 35, 96hr, Cyprinus carpio
35  Vardia & Durve 1981
3.8  96hr, Labeo boga
5.6  96hr, Rasbora neilgeriensis
  --
11  23 days, embryo, Salmo gairdneri
  Birge et al. 1979
  --
250  24hr, Salmo gairdneri,Alabaster 1969
  --
40  > 40, 48hr, Cyprinus carpio
  Carassius auratus
  Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981
  --
2630  48hr, Lebistes reticulatus
  Bogacka et al. 1983
  --
48hr, Cyprinus carpio
  Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967
  --
320  96hr, Pimephales promelas
263  96hr, Lepomis macrochirus
358  96hr, Salmo gairdneri
  Alexander et al. 1985
 
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l :
1.5  chr, Pimephales promelas
  Mount & Stephan 1967
 
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l :
0.3  chr, Pimephales promelas
  Mount & Stephan 1967
  --
50  srv, act, Salmo gairdneri
10  srv, act, Oncorhynchus kisutch
  Meehan et al. 1974

References
34Alabaster, J.S. 1969: Survival of fish in 164 herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, wetting agents and miscellaneous substances. Internat. Pest. Contr. March/April 1969:35-39.
1779Alexander, H.C., Gersich, F.M. & Mayes, M.A. 1985. Acute toxicity of four phenoxy herbicides to aquatic organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35: 314 - 321.
148Birge, W.J. et al. 1979b. Toxicity of organic chemicals to embryo-larval stages of fish. EPA-560/11-79-007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
150Biro, P. 1979. Acute effects of the sodium salt of 2,4-D on the early development stages of bleak, Alburnus alburnus. J. Fish. Biol. 14, 101 - 109.
173Bogacka, T., Wiktor, J., Groba, J. 1983. Toxicity and biodegradation of selected pesticides in water environment. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 16(2): 145 - 160.
377Edwards, C.A. 1977. Nature and origins of pollution of aquatic systems by pesticides. In: Pesticides in Aquatic Environments. M.A. Q. Khan, (ed.) Plenum Press, N.Y.
1592Eliasson, L. 1963. The toxic effects of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acids on aspen. Physiol. Plant. 16: 255 - 268.
550Hashimoto, Y. & Nishiuchi Y. 1981. Establishment of bioassay methods for the evaluation of acute toxicity of pesticides to aquatic organisms. J. Pestic. Sci. (Jap.) 6: 257.
3120Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Jarvis, W.F., Meylan, W.M. & Michalenko, E.M., Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, 1991. Lewis Publicers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, U.S.A., pp. 725.
705Kenaga, E.E. 1979. Acute and chronic toxicity of 75 pesticides to various animal species. Down to earth 35(2): 25 - 31.
1589Lewis, R.J. & Sweet, D.V. 1984. Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. No. 83-107-4.
2450Li, W.,Merrill, D. E. & Haith, A. 1990. Loading functions for pesticide runoff. Research Journal WPCF, 62(1): pp. 16 - 26.
3182LOG KOW 1994. Octanol-water partition coefficient program. Syracure Research Corporation. Chemical Hazard Assessment Division. Environmental Chemistry Center.
864Mann, J.D., Jordan; L.S. & Day, B.E. 1965. A survey of herbicides for their effect upon protein synthesis. Plant Physiol. 40(5): 840 - 843.
946Meehan, W.R., Norris, L.A. & Sears, H.S. 1974. Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-D to salmonids in Southeast Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31(4): 480 - 485.
991Mount, D.I. & Stephan, C.E. 1967. A method for establishing acceptable toxicant limits for fish - malathion and 2,4-D. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 96: 185 - 193.
1053Nishiuchi, Y. & Hashimoto, Y. 1967. Toxicity of pesticide ingredients to some fresh water organisms. Botyu-Kagaku 32: 5-11.
1067OECD. 1981. Guideline for testing of chemicals. Alga Growth Inhibition test. 201.
1973Pilli.A., Carle, D.O., Kline. E., Pickering. Q. & Lazorchak. J. 1988. Effets of pollution on freshwater organisms. JWPCF 60(6): 994 - 1065.
1993Presing, M. & Ponyi, J.E. 1986. Studies on the acute and chronic effect of a 2,4-D-containing herbicide (Dikonirt) on Eudiaptomus gracilis (G.O. Sars) (Crustacea, Copepoda). Arch. Hydrobiol. 106: 275.
892Schweizer, E.E. 1978. Response of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) to sublethal rates of 2,4-D. Week Sci. 26(6): 629 - 631.
1453Vardia, H.K. & Durve, V.S. 1981. Bioassay study on some freshwater fishes exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. (Ind.) 9: 219.
1454Vardia, H.K. & Durve, V.S. 1981. The toxicity of 2,4-D to Cyprinus carpio var. Communis in relation to the seasonal variation in the temperature. Hydrobiologica (Den.) 77: 155.
1468Verschueren, K. 1983. Handbook of environmental data of organic chemicals. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc., New York. 1310 s.
1500Walsh, G.E. 1972. Effects of herbicides on photosynthesis and growth of marine unicellular algae. Hyacinth Control J. 10: 45 - 48.

 
 
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