Chemical |
2,4-D |
CAS-number : |
94-75-7 |
|
Synonyms : |
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid |
2,4-dikloorifenoksietikkahappo |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
C8H6Cl2O3 |
EINECS-number : |
2023611 |
|
Uses : |
Active ingredient in herbicides.
|
|
State and appearance : |
White powder
|
|
Molecular weight : |
221.04 |
|
Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
0.0000006 |
McCall et al.1983 |
0.000008 |
20 - 25 °C, Weber et al. 1980 |
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
650 |
Weber et al.1980 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
136 |
136 - 140 |
|
pKa : |
2.8 |
Bovey & Young 1980, Weber et. al. 1980 |
|
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
2.82 |
20 °C, Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
2.62 |
LOGKOW 1994 |
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
Photooxidation half-life in air:
18hr - 1.8hr, scientific judgement based upon an estimated rate
constant for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Howard 1991).
|
|
Photochemical degradation in water : |
Aquatic photolysis half-life:
4d - 2d, reported photolysis half-lives for aqueous solution
irradiated at UV wavelength of 356 nm (Howard 1991).
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
0.75 |
18hr - 1.8hr, |
0.075 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated photooxidation halflife in air. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
7 |
Li et al. 1990 |
|
-- |
50 |
50d - 10d, |
10 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
4 |
4d - 2d, |
2 |
in surface water: scientific judgement based upon reported photolysis half-lives for aqueous solution irradiated at UV wavelength of 356 nm, |
180 |
6mo - 20d, |
20 |
in ground water: scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
Aerobic half-life:
50d - 10d, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aerobic
river die away test (Howard 1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic half-life:
6mo - 4w, reported half-lives based upon unacclimated aqueous
screening test data (Howard 1991).
|
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
370 |
orl-rat,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
100 |
orl-dog |
|
LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
1500 |
skn-rat,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
1400 |
skn-rbt |
|
LDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
800 |
orl-rbt,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
LD50 values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
541 |
orl-ckn,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
Effects on plants : |
0.017 kg 2,4-D/ha reduced root weight of sugarbeets (Beta
vulgaris) (Scweizer 1978).
Incubation of segments of barley coleoptile and Sesbania
exaltata hypocotyls in 1 % sucrose containing 2 ppm 2,4-D
inhibited protein synthesis by 15 and 4 %, respectively
(Mann et al. 1965).
Aspen plants (Populus tremula) were grown in 0.000001 M 2,4-D
solution -> swelling of the stem base, time of survival -> 25
days; 0.00001 M -> epinastic curvatures, necrosis on the
leaves, swelling of the stem base, time of survival 20 days
(Eliasson 1963).
|
|
LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
50 |
Chlorococcus,Walsh 1972 |
|
Isochrystis galbana |
|
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
|
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
1 |
< 1,Daphnia magna,Kenaga 1979 |
|
-- |
100 |
48 hr, Daphnia magna |
|
Crosby & Tucker 1966 |
|
-- |
40 |
> 40, act, Daphnia magna |
|
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
|
-- |
363 |
363 - 389, 48hr, Daphnia magna |
389 |
Bogacka et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
36.4 |
48hr, Daphnia magna,Alexander et al.1985 |
|
-- |
144.1 |
4d, Eudiaptomus gracilis |
|
Presing & Ponyi 1986 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
1.1 |
48hr,Salmo gairdneri,Edwards 1977 |
0.9 |
48hr,Lepomis macrochirus |
|
-- |
0.39 |
act, Lepomis macrochirus,Kenaga 1979 |
2.1 |
act, Salmo gairdneri |
5 |
act, Pimephales promelas |
|
-- |
96 |
96hr, Cyprinus carpio,Biro 1979 |
71 |
96hr, Poelicia reticulata |
12.9 |
48hr, embryo, Alburnus alburnus |
|
-- |
5.1 |
5.1 - 35, 96hr, Cyprinus carpio |
35 |
Vardia & Durve 1981 |
3.8 |
96hr, Labeo boga |
5.6 |
96hr, Rasbora neilgeriensis |
|
-- |
11 |
23 days, embryo, Salmo gairdneri |
|
Birge et al. 1979 |
|
-- |
250 |
24hr, Salmo gairdneri,Alabaster 1969 |
|
-- |
40 |
> 40, 48hr, Cyprinus carpio |
|
Carassius auratus |
|
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
|
-- |
2630 |
48hr, Lebistes reticulatus |
|
Bogacka et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
1 |
48hr, Cyprinus carpio |
|
Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967 |
|
-- |
320 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas |
263 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
358 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
|
Alexander et al. 1985 |
|
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
1.5 |
chr, Pimephales promelas |
|
Mount & Stephan 1967 |
|
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.3 |
chr, Pimephales promelas |
|
Mount & Stephan 1967 |
|
-- |
50 |
srv, act, Salmo gairdneri |
10 |
srv, act, Oncorhynchus kisutch |
|
Meehan et al. 1974 |
References |
34 | Alabaster, J.S. 1969: Survival of fish in 164 herbicides,
insecticides, fungicides, wetting agents and miscellaneous
substances.
Internat.
Pest.
Contr.
March/April 1969:35-39. |
1779 | Alexander, H.C., Gersich, F.M. & Mayes, M.A. 1985.
Acute
toxicity of four phenoxy herbicides to aquatic organisms.
Bull.
Environ.
Contam.
Toxicol. 35: 314 - 321. |
148 | Birge, W.J. et al. 1979b.
Toxicity of organic chemicals to
embryo-larval stages of fish.
EPA-560/11-79-007, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. |
150 | Biro, P. 1979.
Acute effects of the sodium salt of 2,4-D on
the early development stages of bleak, Alburnus alburnus.
J.
Fish.
Biol. 14, 101 - 109. |
173 | Bogacka, T., Wiktor, J., Groba, J. 1983.
Toxicity and
biodegradation of selected pesticides in water environment.
Bromatol.
Chem.
Toksykol. 16(2): 145 - 160. |
377 | Edwards, C.A. 1977.
Nature and origins of pollution of
aquatic systems by pesticides.
In: Pesticides in Aquatic
Environments.
M.A.
Q.
Khan, (ed.)
Plenum Press, N.Y. |
1592 | Eliasson, L. 1963.
The toxic effects of chlorinated
phenoxyacetic acids on aspen.
Physiol.
Plant. 16: 255 - 268. |
550 | Hashimoto, Y. & Nishiuchi Y. 1981.
Establishment of
bioassay methods for the evaluation of acute toxicity of
pesticides to aquatic organisms.
J.
Pestic.
Sci.
(Jap.) 6: 257. |
3120 | Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Jarvis, W.F., Meylan, W.M. &
Michalenko, E.M., Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates,
1991.
Lewis Publicers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, U.S.A.,
pp. 725.
|
705 | Kenaga, E.E. 1979.
Acute and chronic toxicity of 75
pesticides to various animal species.
Down to earth 35(2): 25 -
31. |
1589 | Lewis, R.J. & Sweet, D.V. 1984.
Registry of toxic effects of
chemical substances.
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health.
No. 83-107-4. |
2450 | Li, W.,Merrill, D.
E. & Haith, A. 1990.
Loading functions for
pesticide runoff.
Research Journal WPCF, 62(1): pp. 16 - 26. |
3182 | LOG KOW 1994.
Octanol-water partition coefficient program.
Syracure Research Corporation.
Chemical Hazard Assessment
Division.
Environmental Chemistry Center.
|
864 | Mann, J.D., Jordan; L.S. & Day, B.E. 1965.
A survey of
herbicides for their effect upon protein synthesis.
Plant
Physiol. 40(5): 840 - 843. |
946 | Meehan, W.R., Norris, L.A. & Sears, H.S. 1974.
Toxicity
of various formulations of 2,4-D to salmonids in Southeast
Alaska.
J.
Fish.
Res.
Board Can. 31(4): 480 - 485. |
991 | Mount, D.I. & Stephan, C.E. 1967.
A method for establishing
acceptable toxicant limits for fish - malathion and 2,4-D.
Trans.
Am.
Fish.
Soc. 96: 185 - 193. |
1053 | Nishiuchi, Y. & Hashimoto, Y. 1967.
Toxicity of pesticide
ingredients to some fresh water organisms.
Botyu-Kagaku 32:
5-11. |
1067 | OECD. 1981.
Guideline for testing of chemicals.
Alga Growth
Inhibition test. 201. |
1973 | Pilli.A., Carle, D.O., Kline.
E., Pickering.
Q. & Lazorchak.
J. 1988.
Effets of pollution on freshwater organisms.
JWPCF
60(6): 994 - 1065. |
1993 | Presing, M. & Ponyi, J.E. 1986.
Studies on the acute and
chronic effect of a 2,4-D-containing herbicide (Dikonirt) on
Eudiaptomus gracilis (G.O.
Sars) (Crustacea, Copepoda).
Arch.
Hydrobiol. 106: 275. |
892 | Schweizer, E.E. 1978.
Response of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) to
sublethal rates of 2,4-D.
Week Sci. 26(6): 629 - 631. |
1453 | Vardia, H.K. & Durve, V.S. 1981.
Bioassay study on some
freshwater fishes exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Acta Hydrochim.
Hydrobiol.
(Ind.) 9: 219. |
1454 | Vardia, H.K. & Durve, V.S. 1981.
The toxicity of 2,4-D to
Cyprinus carpio var.
Communis in relation to the seasonal
variation in the temperature.
Hydrobiologica (Den.) 77: 155. |
1468 | Verschueren, K. 1983.
Handbook of environmental data of
organic chemicals.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Inc., New York.
1310 s. |
1500 | Walsh, G.E. 1972.
Effects of herbicides on photosynthesis
and growth of marine unicellular algae.
Hyacinth Control J. 10:
45 - 48. |