Lindane

58-89-9

Insecticide manufacturing, medicinal manufacturing (scabicide).

Odour threshold: detection: 12.0 mg/kg

290.82

30 - 40 % of lindane adsorbed on aquifer sand at 5 °C after 3 -
100 hr equilibrium time.

Desorption of lindane from aquifer sand:
mg lindane adsorbed /g of     % leached of total
    aquifer sand              adsorbed lindane
       22.8                         67.8
       25.3                         38.6
       20.9                         72.3
       26.5                         73.2     (Verschueren 1983).

Equilibrium distribution:
        mass %
air      0.58
water   47.66
solid   51.76
(Anon. 1988).

Theoretical distribution:
47 % water, > 50 % sediment and soil (Nordic 1988).

Stabile against photochemical degradation in atmosphere (IARC
1979).

Photooxidation half-life in air: 
9.24hr - 92.4hr,
scientific judgement based upon estimated rate constant for
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Howard 1991).

Photooxidation by ultra violet light in aqueous medium
at 90 - 95 °C:
- time for the formation of CO2 (% of theoretical):
                    alpha     gamma
           25 %     4.2 hr   3.0 hr
           50 %    24.2 hr  17.4 hr
           75 %    40.0 hr  45.8 hr          (Verschueren 1983).

No photochemical degradation in river water in 8 weeks
(Eichelberger & Lichtenberg 1971).

First-order hydrolysis half-life:
207d, (t1/2 at pH 7 and 25°), 
based upon measured neutral and base catalyzed hydrolysis 
rate constants (Howard 1991).

Base rate constant:
 198, (t1/2_33o hours (13.8 days) at pH 9 and 25°C),
based upon measured neutral and base catalyzed hydrolysis 
rate constants (Howard 1991).

Aerobic degradation in soil is very slow, 75 - 100 % 
degradation: 3 - 10 years 
(Edwards 1966).

Aerobic half-life: 
31d - 413d,
based upon aerobic soil die-away study data (Howard 1991).

Anaerobic half-life:
5.9d - 30d, based upon anaerobic flooded soil die-away study 
data (Howard 1991).

No degradation in bottle test, 28 days (Tabak al. 1981).

Dichlorobenzene
trichlorobenzene
tetrachlorobenzene
pentachlorobenzene
hexachlorobenzene  
(Anon. 1989).

Anaerobic dechlorination: 90 % in 4 days (Haider & Jagnow 1975).

Effective uptake in alimentary canal and accumulation in fat
tissue. 
Excretes mainly with urine in konjugated forms of
di-,tri-, and tetrachlorophenols (IARC 1979).

Confirmed to be accumulated on a medium level (Anon. 1987).

Bioconcentration factor (mollusca):
100, Mytilus edulis (Verschueren 1983).

Bioconcentration factor (crustaceans):
25 - 143, (Verschueren 1983).
34/46, 24hr, Daphnia magna (Anon 1986b).
38/72, 72hr, Daphnia magna (Anon 1986b)
30-140, 96hr, Penaeus (Schimmel et al. 1977).

Bioconcentration factor (algae):
433, Chlorella spec
671, Chlorella spec, (Anon 1986b)

Bioconcentration factor (other):
37000, sea water/Pacific white-sided dolphin
(Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).

LOEL 0.5 mg/kg/day (4 months): impact on fertility and
development of fetus (IARC 1979).

Approximated lethal dose to rat: 150 mg/kg (Virtanen & Nuuja 
1987).

When given in food to deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) 1
mg/kg kills 50 % in 4 days and 2 mg/kg kills 100 %
(Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).

NCI carcinogenesis bioassay completed: results negative:
mus,rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984).

Highly carcinogenic to rats and mice (Verschueren 1983).

Enough evidence of carcinogenicity to mice (IARC 1979).

Not mutagenic in tests with bacteria, yeast or Drosophila
(IARC 1979).

Invertebrates: 0.026 mg/l, 10 d, change in species diversity
(Lay et al. 1987).

LD50, 0.0006 mg/bee (Torstensson 1988).

LC50, Chironomus riparius:
0.330 mg/l, 2 d; 0.235 mg/l, 4 d (Green et al. 1986).

LC50, 96hr, 0.004 - 0.175 mg/l, Anon 1986b

EC50, Brassica rapa sativa rapifere, 66.5 mg/kg, 14d;
EC50, Brassica rapa sativa rapifere, 760 mg/kg, 14d;
EC50, Avena sativa, 426 mg/kg, 14d;
EC50, Avena sativa, >1000 mg/kg, 14d;
(Anon 1986b)

Pseudomonas putida: inhibition of cell multiplication starts at
>5 mg/l  (Verschueren 1983).

EC50, Photobacterium phosphoreum, 2.01 mg/l, 30 min (Anon 1986b)

Removal/secondary treatment 25%,
removal percentage based upon data from a continuous activated
sludge biological treatment simulator (Howard 1991).

Anabas testudineus; 0.075 mg/l, histological effect (presence of
physical damage to tissues) (Bakthavathsalam et al. 1987).

Biochemical effect (change in physiochemical process including
glycogen uptake, cholesterol levels and lipid analysis):
Clarias batrachus, 0.002 mg/l, 28 d (Lal & Singh 1987).

Cyprinus carpio, 0.1 mg/100g/d, 10 d (Kobayashi et al. 1987).

Heteropneustes fossilis, 8 mg/l, 4 d, change in enzyme
activity, change in hormone concentration (Yadav & Singh 1987).

Microcystis aeruginosa: inhibition of cell multiplication
starts at 0.3 mg/l (Verschueren 1983).

LC50 48 hr: 7.3 ppm Lymnea stagnalis, at 2 ppm: decrease in
growth rate from third month; 60 % decrease of fecundity

Lymnea stagnalis L.: rearing of larvae is impossible at 2 mg/l

Pteronarcys californica: 96 hr LC50 4.5 ug/l fourth instar
larval Chironomus riparius: 24 hr LC50 3.6 ug/l insect larvae
(Chaoborus): 48 hr LC50  0.008 ppm
(Cloeon)   : 0.092 ppm            (Verschueren 1983).

LC50 (24hr), 0.0036 mg/l, Chironomus riparius
(Sanders & Cope 1968).

LOEC, 10 mg/l, srv, act, Colpidium campylum (Dive et al. 1980).

LC50, Physa fontinalis:> 0.430 mg/l, 2 d, 4 d (Green et al. 
1986).

Algae: 0.435 mg/l, 10 d, change in biomass (Lay et al. 1987).