Chemical |
Acrylic acid |
CAS-number : |
79-10-7 |
|
Synonyms : |
2-propenoic acid |
acroleic acid |
acrylic acid inhibited |
Akryylihappo |
ethylene carboxylic acid |
propene acid |
propenoic acid |
vinylformic acid |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
CH2=CHCOOH
C3H4O2 |
EINECS-number : |
2011779 |
|
State and appearance : |
Colorless liquid
|
|
Odor : |
Characteristic.
Quality; rancid, sweet.
Hedonic tone: unpleasant.
Threshold Odour Concentration:
absolute: 0.094 ppm
50 % recognition: 1.04 ppm
100 % recognition: 1.04 ppm.
(Verschueren 1983).
Quality: rancid, sweet
Hedonic tone: unpleasant
Threshold odour concentration:
absolute: 0.094 ppm
50 % recognition: 1.04 ppm
100 % recognition: 1.04 ppm
Odour index 100 % recognition: 105 700
(Hellman & Small 1974)
Acrid.
Quality: rancid, sweet; hedonic tone: unpleasant.
Distinctive, acrid odor (HSDB 2001).
|
|
Molecular weight : |
72.06 |
|
Spesicif gravity (water=1) : |
1.06 |
at 16 °C |
1.05 |
at 20 °C, HSDb 2001 |
|
Vapor density (air=1) : |
2.5 |
|
|
Conversion factor, 1 ppm in air=_mg/m3 : |
3 |
mg/m3 |
|
Conversion factor, 1 mg/m3 in air=_ppm : |
0.33 |
ppm |
|
Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
3.2 |
at 20 °C |
10 |
at 39 °C |
3.97 |
at 25 °C, HSDB 2001 |
7.76 |
at 20 °C, Riddick et al. 1986 |
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
1000000 |
at 25 °C, HSDB 2001 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
12 |
12 - 14 °C |
14 |
|
12.3 |
HSDB 2001 |
|
Boiling point, °C : |
141 |
|
|
pKa : |
4.247 |
Serjeant et al. 1979 |
4.25 |
HSDB 2001 |
|
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
0.31 |
|
0.161 |
estimated, GEMS 1986 |
0.35 |
HSDB 2001 |
0.44 |
LOGKOW 1994 |
|
Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol : |
0.04195 |
calc. Yaws et al. 1991 |
0.0375 |
Singh et al. 1984 |
0.032 |
HSDB 2001 |
0.041 |
HAZARDTEXT 2001 |
|
Volatilization : |
Acrylic acid is nonvolatile because its Henry's Law constant is
low (Lyman et al. 1982).
The vapor pressure of acrylic acid would suggest that it should
volatilize to some extent from surface and dry soil (Howard
1989).
The Henry's Law constant for acrylic acid is 3.2X10-7
atm-m3/mol.
This constant indicates that acrylic acid is
expected to volatilize slowly from water and moist soil
surface.
Based on this Henry's Law constant the volatilization
half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind
velocity of 3 m/sec is estimated as approx. 96 days.
The
volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing
0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec is estimated as approx.
700 days.
A pKa of 4.25 for acrylic acid indicates that it will
exist primarily in the anionic form under environmental
conditions and the anionic form is expected to volatilize more
slowly than the unionized form (HSDB 2001).
|
|
Adsorption/desorption : |
Acrylic acid is miscible with water and therefore would not be
expected to adsorb significantly to soil or sediment (Lyman
et al. 1982).
The adsorption and desorption of acrylic acid were examined on
five different soils (an aquatic sandy loam sediment, a loamy
sand, a clay loam and two loams).
The Freundlic coefficient for
the adsorption phase ranged from 0.21 to 0.63 or when related
to the organic carbon content of the soil, Koc-values ranged
from 6 to 137 (average 43).
The Koc-values for the three
desorption phases were more widely scattered with values
ranging from 18 to 837 (IUCLID 2000).
|
|
Mobility : |
The Koc of acrylic acid is 43.
This Koc suggests that acrylic
acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil.
A pKa of
4.25 indicated that acrylic acid should exist predominantly in
the anionic form under environmental conditions of pH 5-9,
suggesting even higher mobility of acrylic acid in soil (HSDB
2001).
|
|
Other physicochemical properties : |
Miscible.
(Riddick et al. 1986).
|
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
The UV absorption band of acrylic acid extends to about 320 nm.
(Sadtler).
Acrylic acid reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals primarily by addition to the double bond and with
atmospheric ozone resulting in an estimated overall half-life
of 6.6 hr (GEMS 1986).
Photooxidation half-life:
2.5hr - 23.8hr,
scientific judgement based upon an estimated rate constant for
the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals and ozone in
air (Howard 1991).
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acrylic acid
with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been
estimated as 9.7X10-12 cm3/mole-sec at 25 °C using a structure
estimation method.
This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life
of about 2 days at an atmospheeric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl
radicals per cm3 (HSDB 2001).
The rate constant for the vapor-phse reaction of acrylic acid
with ozone has been estimated as 1.8X10-18 cm3/mole-sec at 25
°C using a structure estimation method.
This corresponds to an
atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concn
of 7X10+11 mole/cm3 (HSDB 2001).
If released into the atmosphere acrylic acid will react with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone resulting
in an overall estimated half-life of 14.6 h (IUCLID 2000).
In the atmosphere acrylic acid has an estimated half-life of
6.6 h (acrylic acid will react with ozone and hydroxyl
radicals) (IUCLID 2000).
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
0.1 |
2.5hr - 23.8hr, |
0.99 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated |
|
photooxidation half-life in air, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
1 |
1d - 7d, |
7 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated |
|
unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation |
|
half-life, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
1 |
1d - 7d, |
7 |
in surface water, scientific judgement based |
|
upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic |
|
biodegradation half-life, |
2 |
48hr - 4320hr, |
17.9 |
in ground water, scientific judgement based upon |
|
estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic |
|
and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
In a 42-screening study using a sewage seed inoculum, 71% of
acrylic acid was mineralized.
After acclimation 81% was
degraded to CO2 in 22 days (Chou 1978).
Acrylic acid has been reported to be significantly degraded in
the MITI test (Sasaki 1978).
When added to water, acrylic acid is rapidly oxidized and
wastewater containing the compound can deplete reservoirs of
oxygen (Ekhina 1977).
Aerobic half-life:
1d - 7d,
scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aqueous screening
test data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Acrylic acid is amenable to anaerobic treatment and in an
anaerobic screening study utilizing 10% sludge from secondary
digester as an inoculum, acrylic acid was judged to be
degradable with >75% of theoretical methane being produced in 8
weeks of incubation (Speece 1983) (Shelton & Tiedje 1984).
In a study acrylic acid was toxic to unacclimated anaerobic
acetate-enriched cultures and was poorly utilized (21%) in a
completely mixed anaerobic reactor with a 20-day hydraulic
retention time after a 90-day acclimation period.
A possible
resolution between the conflicting results for anaerobic
degradation is the observation that acetate cultures have to
exhaust the acetic acid as a carbon and energy source before
utilizing a cross-fed compound (Chou 1978).
Anaerobic half-life
4w - 6mo,
scientific judgement based upon unacclimated anaerobic reactor
test data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Total degradation in water : |
Biodegradation:
68% by BOD
period: 14d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
Biodegradation:
type: aerobic
inoculum: activated sludge
concentration: 3 mg/l related to test substance
degradation: 81 % after 28 day
methos: OECD Guide-line 301 D
(IUCLID 2000).
Biodegradation:
type: aerobic
inoculum: activated sludge
concentration: 200 mg/l related to DOC
degradation: 100 % after 28 day
result: inherently biodegradable
method: OECD Guide-line 302 B
(IUCLID 2000).
|
|
Ready biodegradability : |
Confirmed to be biodegradable (Anon. 1987). |
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
A estimated BCF value is 0.78.
This indicates that
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms should be negligible
(Lyman et al. 1982).
An estimated BCF og 1 was calculated for acrylic acid using a
log Kow of 0.35 and a regression-derived equation.
This BCF
suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms is low (HSDB 2001).
|
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
2500 |
orl-rat, Verschueren 1983 |
|
LD50 values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
98 |
>98, orl-Agelaius phoeniceus |
|
Schafer et al. 1983 |
|
Effects on microorganisms : |
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test):
bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) 41 mg/l
(Bringmann & Kühn 1980a)
|
|
EC50 values to algae, mg/l : |
0.04 |
0.04 - 0.13 mg/l, 72 hr, Scenedesmus subspicatus |
0.13 |
|
0.17 |
96 hr, Selenastrum capricornutum |
0.63 |
0.63 - 1.53 mg/l, 72 hr, Chlorella vulgaris, |
1.53 |
OECD Guide-line 201 |
|
IUCLID 2000 |
|
LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
0.15 |
rpd, act, Microcystis aeruginosa, |
|
Bringmann & Kuhn 1976 |
|
-- |
18 |
rpd, act, Scenedesmus quadricauda, |
|
Bringmann & Kuhn 1980 |
|
-- |
0.016 |
72 hr, Scenedesmus subspicatus, IUCLID 2000 |
|
NOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
0.008 |
72 hr, Scenedesmus subspicatus |
0.2 |
72 hr, Chlorella vulgaris |
0.13 |
< 0.13 mg/l, 96 hr, Selenastrum capricornutum |
|
IUCLID 2000 |
|
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
765 |
24 hr, Daphnia magna, AQUIRE 1999 |
|
-- |
54 |
54 - 765 mg/l, 24 hr, Daphnia magna |
765 |
|
47 |
47 - 95 mg/l, 48 hr, Daphnia magna |
95 |
|
54 |
24 hr, Daphnia magna Straus |
600 |
48 hr, Artemia salina |
97 |
96 hr, Mysidopsis bahia |
|
IUCLID 2000 |
|
NOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
23 |
48 hr, Daphnia magna |
48 |
96 hr, Mysidopsis bahia |
|
IUCLID 2000 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
27 |
96 hr, Salmo gairdneri |
315 |
48 hr, Idus idus |
222 |
96 hr, Brachydanio rerio |
315 |
48 hr, Leuciscus idus melanotus |
|
IUCLID 2000 |
|
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
6.3 |
96 hr, Salmo gairdneri, IUCLID 2000 |
|
Other information of water organisms : |
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test):
algae (Microcystis aeruginosa): 0.15 mg/l
green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 18 mg/l
Protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum): 20 mg/l
Protozoa (Uronema parduczi) 11 mg/l
(Verschueren 1983).
|
|
Other information : |
Natural sources: produced by marine algae such as Phaeocystis
and Polysiphonia lanosa; as a result of hydrolysis of
dimethyl-beta-propiothetin (Verschueren 1983).
|
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