| Chemical |
Lead |
| CAS-number : |
7439-92-1 |
| |
| Synonyms : |
| Lyijy |
| |
| Sumformula of the chemical : |
| Pb |
| EINECS-number : |
| 2311004 |
| |
| Uses : |
Accumulator manufacturing; antiknock combounds for gasoline;
brass manufacturing; cable mantles; anticorrosive pigment (red
lead; chrome yellow; white lead); organic lead compounds
(additive in colours).
|
| |
| Molecular weight : |
207.19 |
| |
| Mobility : |
Relatively unsoluble lead sulfate, lead phosphate and lead
carbonate is formed in soil.
Adsorption to clay minerals, Fe-
and Mn-oxides decreases also mobility of Pb.
In acid soils Pb
is strongly complexed with organic material (Kabata-Pendias &
Pendias 1984).
In water environment Pb is mainly complexed or adsorbed to
particular material and sediment (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias
1984).
|
| |
| Other information of metabolism : |
Pb is excreted via urine and feces (Grandjean & Nielsen 1979). |
| |
| TDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 450 |
6yr,orl-wmn,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| TCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, mg/kg : |
| 0.01 |
ihl-hmn,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| Effects on physiology of mammals : |
Rats exposed to 0.011 mg inorganic Pb/m3 in air for 6 hours per
day for 3 months showed changes in behaviour (Waldron & Stöfen
1974).
|
| |
| Health effects : |
Inhibition of growth, disorders in nervous system, impaired
resistence to infections; genetic damages etc. in mammals
(Folkesson 1976).
|
| |
| Carcinogenicity : |
Chronic lead poisoning can cause tumours in kidneys (Waldron &
Stöfen 1974).
|
| |
| LDLo values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 160 |
orl-pgn,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| Effects on amphibia : |
LC50 (96hr), 33.28 ppm, tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla (Khangarot
et al. 1985).
|
| |
| Effects on plants : |
18.8 mg Pb/kg of dry matter (upper critical tissue
concentration for sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) seedlings;
concentration above which yields are reduced because of toxic
effects (Burton et al. 1983).
Diethyllead dichloride: 0.0000001 mol/l, 24hr,Spindle
disturbances; Triethyllead chloride : 0.0000001 mol/l, 6hr,
mitotic changes; Dimethyllead dichloride: 0.0000001 mol/l,
24hr index (Allium cepa); Trimethyllead chloride: 0.000001
mol/l, 6hr (Ahlberg et al. 1972)
Lead nitrate: 10-4 mol/l, 6hr
Young plantlets of lettuce (Lactuva sativa) were influenced by
tetramethyl lead in the form of water solutions (0.001 %) for
0 - 24 hours -> in the rootcells following organels are damaged;
the nucleus, the mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, the
endoplasmic reticulum and the proplastids; disturbances of cell
division (Sekerka & Bobak 1974).
|
| |
| EC50 values to algae, mg/l : |
| 0.14 |
rpd, schr, Selenastrum capricornutum |
| |
Christensen et al. 1979 |
| |
-- |
| 11 |
96hr, rpd, Navicula incerta |
| |
Rachlin et al. 1983 |
| |
| LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 0.3 |
21d, Daphnia magna |
| 0.45 |
48hr, with food, Daphnia magna |
| |
Biesinger & Christensen 1972 |
| |
-- |
| 64.1 |
96hr, mbt, Asellus aquaticus |
| 120 |
48hr, mbt, Asellus aquaticus |
| |
Martin & Holdich 1986 |
| |
| EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 0.1 |
21d, rpd, Daphnia magna |
| |
Biesinger & Christensen 1972 |
| |
| LOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 0.03 |
rpd, 21d, Daphnia magna, |
| |
Biesinger & Christensen 1972 |
| |
| LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.22 |
28d,Salmo gairdneri |
| |
Birge et al. 1980 |
| |
-- |
| 26 |
96hr, Colisa fasciata |
| |
Saxena & Parashari 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 19 |
96hr, Channa punctata |
| |
Srivastava & Mishra 1979 |
| |
| LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.0007 |
srv, chr, Salmo gairdneri |
| 0.032 |
rpd, grw, chr, Salmo gairdneri |
| |
Davies et al. 1976 |
| |
-- |
| 0.084 |
srv, grw, chr, Salvelinus fontinalis |
| |
Holcombe et al. 1976 |
| |
-- |
| 0.062 |
rpd, chr, Platichthys flesus |
| |
McKim 1977 |
| |
| NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.0004 |
srv, chr, Salmo gairdneri |
| 0.018 |
rpd, grw, chr, Salmo gairdneri |
| |
Davies et al. 1976 |
| |
-- |
| 0.039 |
srv, grw, chr, Salvelinus fontinalis |
| |
Holcombe et al. 1976 |
| |
-- |
| 0.031 |
rpd, chr, Platichthys flesus |
| |
McKim 1977 |
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