| Chemical |
1,4-Dioxane |
| CAS-number : |
123-91-1 |
| |
| Synonyms : |
| 1,4-diethylene dioxide |
| 1,4-dioksaani |
| 1,4-dioxacyclohexane |
| diethylene dioxide |
| diethylene ether |
| dietyleenieetteri |
| dioxan |
| dioxyethylene ether |
| glycol ethylene ether |
| p-dioksaani |
| p-dioxan |
| p-dioxane |
| tetrahydro-1,4-dioxin. |
| tetrahydro-p-dioxin |
| |
| Sumformula of the chemical : |
| C4H8O2 |
| EINECS-number : |
| 2046618 |
| |
| Uses : |
Solvent for cellulosics and wide range of organic products;
lacquers; paints; varnish.
|
| |
| Odor : |
Quality: sweet, alcohol Hedonic tone: pleasant
Threshold odour concentration absolute: 0.80 ppm
50 % recognition: 1.8 ppm
100 % recognition: 5.7 ppm
Odour index 100 % recognition: 6 228
(Hellman & Small 1974)
|
| |
| Molecular weight : |
88.12 |
| |
| Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
| 30 |
20 °C |
| 30 |
4000 Pa/20°C, EU RA Report 2002 |
| |
| Melting point, °C : |
| 10 |
|
| 10 |
10.0-11.9, MITI 1992 |
| 11.9 |
|
| |
| Boiling point, °C : |
| 101 |
|
| |
| Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
| -0.27 |
EU RA Report 2002 |
| |
| Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol : |
| 0.6964 |
calc. Yaws et al. 1991 |
| |
| Volatilization : |
Relative volatility (nBuAc=1) = 2.72
|
| |
| Photochemical degradation in air : |
1,4-Dioxane have two possible photo-degradation routes:
direct photolysis and photo-oxidation through reaction with free OH-radicals or ozone.
Studies of direct photolysis of liquid 1,4-dioxane at 185 nm give following products:
formaldehyde, glycol monovinyl ethe and ethylene. Gas-phase photolysis at 147 nm gives principal
products of formaldehyde and ethylene.
Since the wavelength of light in the troposphere is greater than 290 nm, photolysis does
not occur in the lower atmosphere (EU RA Report 2002)
Photo-oxidation of 1,4-dioxane in air and water:
A photo-oxidation reaction in air with OH-radicals - half-ife is 29 hours.
An experimental photo-oxidation in the presence of nitrogen monoxide - half-life is measured
to be 3.4 hours.
A half-life of 60 hours for 1,4-dioxane in water with ozone.
(EU RA Report 2002). |
Photooxidation half-life in air:
0.7hr - 7.0hr,
scientific judgement based upon estimated rate constant for
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Howard 1991).
|
| |
| Photochemical degradation in water : |
Photooxidation half-life in water:
67d - 9.1yr,
based upon measured rates for reaction with hydroxyl radicals
in water (Howard 1991).
|
| |
| Half-life in air, days : |
| 0.34 |
0.34d - 3.4d, |
| 3.4 |
based upon photooxidation half-life in air, |
| |
Howard 1991 |
| |
| Half-life in soil, days : |
| 28 |
4w - 6mo, |
| 180 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated |
| |
aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life, |
| |
Howard 1991 |
| |
| Half-life in water, days : |
| 28 |
4w - 6mo, |
| 180 |
in surface water, based upon estimated unacclimated |
| |
aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life, |
| 28 |
8w - 12mo, |
| 360 |
in ground water, scientific judgement based upon |
| |
estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic |
| |
biodegradation half-life, |
| |
Howard 1991 |
| |
| Aerobic degradation in water : |
Aerobic half-life:
4w - 6mo, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aerobic
aqueous screening test data which confirmed resistance
to biodegradation (Howard 1991).
|
| |
| Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic half-life:
16w - 24mo, scientific judgement based upon estimated aerobic
biodegradation half-life (Howard 1991).
|
| |
| Total degradation in water : |
Biodegradation:
0% by BOD
period: 14d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
|
| |
| Ready biodegradability : |
Confirmed to be non-biodegradable (Anon. 1987). |
| |
| Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
| 0.2 |
0.2 - 0.6, 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 10 mg/l, |
| 0.6 |
|
| 0.3 |
0.3 - 0.7, 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 1 mg/l, |
| 0.7 |
MITI 1992 |
| |
| Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Confirmed to be non-accumulative or low accumulative
(Anon. 1987).
|
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 4200 |
orl-rat,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| 2000 |
orl-cat,orl-rbt |
| |
-- |
| 3150 |
orl-gpg, Sweet 1987 |
| 5700 |
orl-mus |
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
| 7600 |
skn-rbt,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
-- |
| 790 |
ipr-mus, Sweet 1987 |
| 5600 |
ipr-rat |
| |
| LC50 values to mammals in inhalation exposure, mg/m3 : |
| 65000 |
2hr, ihl-mus, Sweet 1987 |
| 46000 |
2hr, ihl-rat |
| |
| LDLo values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
| 1500 |
ivn-cat, Sweet 1987 |
| 1500 |
ivn-rbt |
| |
| LCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, mg/kg : |
| 44000 |
ihl-cat, 7hr, Sweet 1987 |
| |
| LCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, ppm : |
| 470 |
3d, ihl-hmn,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| TDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 10000 |
orl-rat, 6-15d preg. |
| |
effects on embryo or fetus |
| |
specific developmental abnormalities |
| |
Sweet 1987 |
| |
-- |
| 239000 |
orl-mus, tumorigenic |
| 185000 |
orl-rat, tumorigenic |
| |
Sweet 1987 |
| |
| TDLo values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
| 12000 |
ipr-mus, tumorigenic, Sweet 1987 |
| 14000 |
skn-mus, tumorigenic |
| |
| TCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, ppm : |
| 111 |
ihl-rat, tumorigenic, Sweet 1987 |
| |
-- |
| 470 |
ihl-hmn, Sweet 1987 |
| 5500 |
ihl-hmn, 1 min |
| |
| Other information of mammals : |
Skin and eye irritation data:
eye, human, 300 ppm, 15 min;
skin, rabbit, 515 mg open, mild;
eye, rabbit, 21 mg;
eye, guinea pig, 0.010 mg, moderate
(Sweet 1987).
|
| |
| Carcinogenicity : |
NCI carcinogenesis bioassay (oral); clear evidence: mouse, rat
(Sweet 1987).
|
| |
| Mutagenicity : |
Mutation data:
DNA damage:
rat, liver, 0.3 mmol/l;
unscheduled DNA synthesis:
rat,oral; 20 mg/kg;
test systers (other):
rat,intravenous, 50 mg/kg
(Sweet 1987).
|
| |
| LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
| 575 |
rpd,schr, Microcystis aeruginosa, |
| |
Bringmann & Kühn 1976 |
| |
| LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 6700 |
srv,act, 96 hr, Menidia audens, |
| |
Dawson et al. 1977 |
| |
-- |
| 10500 |
48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992 |
| |
-- |
| 9850 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas |
| 10800 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1990 |
| |
| EC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 9340 |
96 hr, mbt, Pimephales promelas |
| 9550 |
96 hr, mbt, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1990 |
References |
| 1848 | Anon. 1987a.
The list of the existing chemical substances tested
on biodegradability by microorganisms or bioaccumulation in
fish body by Chemicals Inspection & Testing Institute.
Ministry
of International Trade and Industry, MITI.
Japan. |
| 187 | Bringmann, G. & Kühn, R. 1976.
Vergleichende Befunde der
Schadwirkung wassergefährdender Stoffe gegen Bakterien
(Pseudomonas putida) und Blaualgen (Microcystis aeruginosa).
Gwf-Wasser-Abwasser 117(9). |
| 327 | Dawson, G.W., Jennings, A.L., Drozdowski, D. & Rider, E.
1977a.
The acute toxicity of 47 industrial chemicals to fresh
and saltwater fishes.
J.
Hazardous Materials 1 (1975/77): 303
- 318. |
| 3358 | EU RA Report 2002. Existing Substances: 1,4-dioxane. European Union Risk Assessment Report (Vol 21). Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. European Chemicals Bureau. European Communities. |
| 3297 | Geiger, D.
L. et al. 1990.
Acute toxicities of organic
chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) Vol 5.
Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of
Winsconsin-Superior, Superior, Winconsin, U.S.A. 332.
|
| 1673 | Hellman, T.M. & Small, F.H. 1974.
Characterization of the odour
properties of 101 petrochemicals using sensory methods.
J.
Air
Pollut.
Control Assoc. 24: 979 - 982. |
| 3120 | Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Jarvis, W.F., Meylan, W.M. &
Michalenko, E.M., Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates,
1991.
Lewis Publicers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, U.S.A.,
pp. 725.
|
| 1589 | Lewis, R.J. & Sweet, D.V. 1984.
Registry of toxic effects of
chemical substances.
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health.
No. 83-107-4. |
| 3105 | MITI 1992.
Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing
chemicals based on the CSCL Japan.
Compild under the Safety
Division Basic Industries Bureau Ministry of International
Trade & Industry, Japan.
Edited by Chemicals Inspection &
Testing Institute, Japan.
|
| 2101 | Sweet, D. 1987.
Registry of toxic effects of chemical
substances 1985 - 1986 edition.
U.S.
Department of health and
human services. |
| 3030 | Yaws, C., Yang, H-C. & Pan, X. 1991.
Henry's law constants for
362 organic compounds in water.
Chemical Engineering.
November.
p 179 - 185. |
