| Chemical |
Chromium(VI) |
| CAS-number : |
18540-29-9 |
| |
| Synonyms : |
| chromium(VI) ion. |
| Kromi(VI) |
| kromi(VI)-ioni |
| |
| Sumformula of the chemical : |
| Cr |
| |
| Molecular weight : |
52 |
| |
| Mobility : |
Chromium is normally in three (as kation) or six (as anion)
valent forms in soil and water.
In soil Cr3+ is precipitated
even in acid environment (pH 5,5).
CrVI compounds are unstable
both in acid and alkaline soils.
With precense of organic
matter CrVI reduces to Cr3+ (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1984).
In water CrVI is often dominating the soluble fraction as well in
oceans and in running water.
Cr3+ dominates when organic
matter is available.
CrVI is therefore rare in municipal
effluents (Balsberg-Påhlsson et al. 1982).
|
| |
| Metabolism in mammals : |
Metabolism in mammals is not quite clear (USEPA 1985).
Experiments with animals has shown that that Cr3+ salts are not
easily absorped in oral intake.
Excretes mostly with urine
(Kraintz & Talmage 1952).
|
| |
| Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Cr in fish concentrates in gills, kidneys, liver, gall and
spleen (Balsberg-Påhlsson et al. 1982).
CrVI is taken up easier than Cr3+.
In cells CrVI is reduced to
Cr3+ (Taylor et al. 1979).
Cr taken up with food is more important than Cr taken up with
water to all aquatic animals except crustacean and fry.
Accumulation decreases with growing trophic level (Baptist &
Lewis 1969).
|
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 19.8 |
orl-rat, CrVI, NIOSH 1983 |
| |
| Other information of mammals : |
CrVI has most extended harmful effects.
Exposure at low levels
in mammals has induced effects in respiratory tract, such as
bronchitis, pneumonia and tumours (WHO 1988).
Rat, inhalation 28 d / 90 d, changes in lungs: 0.006 - 0.2
mg/m3 (Glaser et al. 1985).
|
| |
| Carcinogenicity : |
Cr3+ considered not carcinogenic.
CrVI salts are carcinogenic
in epidemiologic tests (WHO 1988).
Cr och certain Cr compounds, exposure via inhalation:
Group 1, adequate proof for carcinogenicity to mammals and
humans (IARC 1982); EPA Guidelines - group A, carcinogenic to
humans (USEPA 1986).
|
| |
| Mutagenicity : |
Negative for Cr3+ (WHO 1988).
CrVI salts are mutagenic to mammals in vivo and in vitro (WHO
1988).
|
| |
| Teratogenicity : |
No teratogenic effects in humans have been indicated (WHO 1988).
|
| |
| LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 1.84 |
96hr, Macrobrachium lamarrei, CrVI |
| |
Murti et al. 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 0.02 |
48hr, Daphnia pulex, CrVI |
| |
Dorn et al. 1987 |
| |
| LOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 0.0017 |
14d, Daphnia magna, CrVI |
| |
Elnabarawy et al. 1986 |
| |
| LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.19 |
28d,Salmo gairdneri, CrVI, |
| |
Birge et al. 1980 |
| |
-- |
| 200 |
96hr, Mystus vittatus |
| |
Verma et al. 1982 |
| |
-- |
| 36.2 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, |
| |
Pickering 1980 |
| |
-- |
| 45.2 |
96hr, Colisa fasciata, |
| |
Saxena & Parashari 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 4.4 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, CrVI, |
| |
Steven & Chapman 1989 |
| |
-- |
| 3.4 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, CrVI, |
| |
van der Putte et al. 1981 |
| |
-- |
| 0.27 |
chr, 0.27-2.0, Salmo gairdneri, |
| 2 |
USEPA 1980 |
| |
| LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.025 |
grw, schr, Salmo gairdneri, CrVI, |
| |
Olson & Forster 1956 |
| |
-- |
| 0.351 |
srv, grw, chr, Salvelinus fontinalis, |
| 0.34 |
srv, grw, schr, Salmo gairdneri, |
| |
Benoit et al. 1976 |
| |
-- |
| 0.044 |
grw, schr, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, |
| |
Olson & Forster 1956 |
| |
-- |
| 3.95 |
srv, grw, chr, Pimephales promelas, |
| |
Pickering 1980 |
| |
| NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.021 |
grw, schr, Salmo gairdneri |
| |
Olson & Forster 1956 |
| |
-- |
| 0.2 |
srv, grw, schr, Salmo gairdneri |
| |
Benoit et al. 1976 |
| |
-- |
| 0.022 |
grw, schr, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha |
| |
Olson & Forster 1956 |
| |
-- |
| 1 |
srv, grw, chr, Pimephales promelas |
| |
Pickering 1980 |
| |
| Effects on physiology of water organisms : |
Selenastrum capricornutum; 0.020 mg/l, 0.17d, pht (Pillard et al.
1987).
|
| |
| Other information of water organisms : |
LOEC 0.5 mg/l, his, schr, Palaemonetes pugio
(Doughtie & Rao 1984).
Chlorella pyrenoidosa, effects on growth, 0.05 mg/l (CrVI)
(Frey et al. 1983).
Neanthes arenaceodentata, rpd, 350 days, < 0.012 mg/l CrVI
(Mearns et al. 1976).
Daphnia, rpd, 0.01 mg/l, CrVI (EIFAC 1983).
|
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