| Chemical |
Ammonia |
| CAS-number : |
7664-41-7 |
| |
| Synonyms : |
| Ammoniakki |
| |
| Sumformula of the chemical : |
| H3N |
| EINECS-number : |
| 2316353 |
| |
| Uses : |
Chemical industry, fertilizer
|
| |
| State and appearance : |
Colourless gas, liquified by compression.
|
| |
| Odor : |
Hedonic tone: extremely pungent.
USSR: human odour perception: non perception: 0.4 mg/m3
perception: 0.5 mg/m3
human reflex response : no response: 0.22 mg/m3
adverse response: 0.35 mg/m3
animal chronic exposure: no effect: 0.2 mg/m3
adverse effect: 2.0 mg/m3
(Stern 1968).
|
| |
| Molecular weight : |
17.04 |
| |
| Spesicif gravity (water=1) : |
| 0.817 |
at 79 °C |
| |
| Vapor density (air=1) : |
| 0.6 |
|
| |
| Conversion factor, 1 ppm in air=_mg/m3 : |
| 0.707 |
mg/m3 |
| |
| Conversion factor, 1 mg/m3 in air=_ppm : |
| 1.414 |
ppm |
| |
| Water solubility, mg/l : |
| 531000 |
at 20 °C |
| |
| Melting point, °C : |
| -77.7 |
|
| |
| Boiling point, °C : |
| -33.4 |
|
| |
| Other physicochemical properties : |
In the neutral pH ammonia is in ionform and less toxic
than ammonia (Nikunen et al. 1986)
|
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 350 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| LCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, ppm : |
| 20 |
ihl-hmn, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| TCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, ppm : |
| 2000 |
4 hr, ihl-rat,Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| Health effects : |
Man: lethal; > 1700 ppm
severe toxic effect; 500 ppm , 1 min.
symptoms of illness: 200 ppm
unsatisfactory: > 100 ppm
(Verschueren 1983).
|
| |
| Effects on anthropods : |
LC50, Baetis rhodani:
2.2 mg/l, 0.42d
1.9 mg/l, 1d
1.6 mg/l, 2d
1.4 mg/l, 4d
1.11 mg/l, 6.25d
LC50, Chironomus riparius:
3.2 mg/l, 0.42d
2.5 mg/l, 1d
1.75 mg/l, 2d
1.36 mg/l, 4d
1.14 mg/l, 6.25d
(Williams et al. 1986).
|
| |
| Effects on plants : |
Conifers were exposed to NH3 for 50 days (in winter, open-top
chambers): 0.42 mg NH3/m3 (95 perc.) - 0.25 mg NH3/m3 (mean)
(0.61 ppm - 0.36 ppm) caused heavy injury e.g. sharply bondered
necrotic tip of the older needles of Taxus baccata.
No-adverse-effect level for some months exposures: 0.2 mg/m3
(0.3 ppm).
Eerden
|
| |
| LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 5.02 |
96hr, Asellus racovitzai,Arthur et al. |
| 18.3 |
96hr, Orconectes immunis 1987 |
| 1.71 |
96hr, Simocephalus cetulus |
| |
-- |
| 3.33 |
1d, Asellus aquaticus |
| 2.5 |
2d, Asellus aquaticus |
| 1.9 |
4d, Asellus aquaticus |
| 1.63 |
6.25d, Asellus aquaticus |
| 3.4 |
0.42d, Gammarus pulex |
| 2.6 |
1d, Gammarus pulex |
| 2.08 |
2d, Gammarus pulex |
| 1.69 |
4d, Gammarus pulex |
| 1.44 |
6.25d, Gammarus pulex |
| |
Williams et al. 1986 |
| |
-- |
| 70 |
96hr, 21 °C, Nitocra spinipes |
| |
Linden et al. 1979 |
| |
| LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.056 |
72 hr,Salmo gairdneri, Calamari et |
| |
al. 1981 |
| |
-- |
| 0.16 |
0.16 - 1.1, 96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
| 1.1 |
Thurston & Russo 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 0.75 |
0.75 - 3.4, 96hr,Pimephales promelas |
| 3.4 |
Thurston et al. 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 0.5 |
0.5 - 0.8, 96hr, Salmo clarci |
| 0.8 |
Rubin & Elmaraghy 1977 |
| |
-- |
| 3.58 |
> 3.58,fertilized egg,24hr,S.gairdneri |
| 3.58 |
> 3.58,alevins,24hr,S.gairdneri |
| 0.068 |
24hr,Salmo gairdneri,fry |
| 0.097 |
24hr,Salmo gairdneri |
| |
Rice & Stokes 1975 |
| |
-- |
| 0.16 |
0.16 - 0.49, 96hr,Salmo gairdneri |
| 0.49 |
Calamari et al. 1981 |
| |
-- |
| 2.17 |
96hr,Pimephales promelas,Arthur et |
| |
al.1987 |
| 0.53 |
96hr,Salmo gairdneri |
| 0.66 |
96hr,Stizostedion vitreum |
| 0.86 |
Ictalurus punctatus |
| 1.53 |
Catostomus commersoni |
| |
-- |
| 0.35 |
undissociated, as N, 16d |
| |
Rutilus rutilus, Solbe et al. 1985 |
| |
| LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.02 |
Salmo gairdneri, Thurston et al. |
| |
1984 |
| |
-- |
| 0.64 |
phy,chr,Pimephales promelas,Smith 1984 |
| |
| Other information of water organisms : |
Channa punctatus, 1 - 30 d, 30 mg/l, biochemical effect
(Bjattacharya et al. 1987).
|
| |
| Other effects on aquatic ecosystems : |
Impact on biodegradation processes: 2.0 mg/l affects the
selfpurification of water courses (Verschueren 1983).
|
| |
| Other information : |
Ammonium ion is less toxic then ammonia appearing at high
pH-values.
|
References |
| 1764 | Arthur, J.W., West, C.W., Allen, K.N. & Hedtke, S.F. 1987.
Seasonal toxicity of ammonia to five fish and nine invertebrate
species.
Bull.
Environ.
Contam.
Toxicol. 38: 324 - 331. |
| 2121 | Bhattacharya, T. et al. 1987.
Blood glucose and hepatic
glycogen interrelationship in Channa punctatus (Bloch): a
parameter of nonlethal toxicity bioassay.
Indian J.
Exp.
Biol.
25: 539. |
| 209 | Buckley, J.A. 1978.
Acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to
fingerling coho salmon.
Progressive Fish-Culturist 40: 30. |
| 232 | Calamari, D. et al. 1981.
Effects of long-term exposure
to ammonia on the developmental stages of rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri Richardson).
In the early life history of
fish: recent studies.In: Lasker, R. & Sherman, K.
(eds.),Conseil
Int.
Explor.
Mer.
(Publ.)., Copenhagen, Den; Rapp.
P.-v.
Reun.
CIEM, 178: 81. |
| 1910 | Hermanutz, R.O. et al. 1987.
Ammonia effects on
microinvertebrates and fish in outdoor experimental streams.
Environ.
Pollut. 47: 249. |
| 1589 | Lewis, R.J. & Sweet, D.V. 1984.
Registry of toxic effects of
chemical substances.
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health.
No. 83-107-4. |
| 831 | Linden, E., Bengtsson, B-E., Svanberg, O. & Sundström, G.
1979.
The acute toxicity of 78 chemicals and pesticide
formulations against two brackish water organisms, the
bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and the harpacticoid Nitocra
spinipes.
Chemosphere 11/12: 843 - 851. |
| 1860 | Mukherjee, S. & Bhattacharya, S. 1974.
Effect of some
industrial pollutants on fish brain cholinesterase activity.
Environm.
Physiol.
Biochem. 4: 226. |
| 1047 | Nikunen, E., Miettinen, V. & Tulonen, T. 1986.
Kemikaalien
myrkyllisyys vesieliöille. -
Ympäristön- ja
luonnonsuojeluosaston julkaisu D:15. 348 s. |
| 2102 | Pickering, Q., Carle, D.O., Pilli, A., Willingham, T. &
Lazorchak, J.M. 1989.
Effects of pollution on freshwater
organisms.
Journal WPCF 61 (6): 998 - 1042. |
| 1180 | Rice, S.D. & Stokes, R.M. 1975.
Acute toxicity of ammonia
to several developmental stages of rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdneri.
Fish Bull. 73: 207. |
| 1202 | Rubin, A.J. & Elmaraghy, G.A. 1977.
Studies on toxicity of
ammonia, nitrate, and their mixtures to guppy fry.
Water Res.
11: 927. |
| 1908 | Sheehan, R.J. & Lewis, W.M. 1986.
Influence of pH and ammonia
salts on ammonia toxicity and water balance in young channel
catfish.
Trans.
Am.
Fish.
Soc. 115: 891. |
| 1909 | Slabbert, J.L. & Maree, J.P. 1986.
Evaluation of interactive
toxic effects of chemicals in water using a Tetrahymena
pyriformis toxicity screening test.
Water SA (Pretoria) 12: 57. |
| 1307 | Smith, C.E. 1984.
Hyperplastic lesions of the primitive meninx
of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, induced by ammonia:
species potential for carcinogen testing.
Natl Cancer Inst
Monogr: pp. 119 - 125. |
| 2280 | Solbe, J.F.de.L.G., Cooper, V.A., Willis, C.A. & Mallett, M.J.
1985.
Effects of pollutants in freshwaters on European
non-salmonid fish I: non metals.
J.Fish.
Biol. 27: 197 - 207.
|
| 1598 | Stern, A.C. 1968.
Air Pollution.
Vol. 3, Academic Press N.Y.,
London. 661 pp. |
| 1421 | Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C. & Phillips, G.R. 1983.
Acute
toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
Trans.
Am.
Fish.
Soc: 112(5): 705 - 711. |
| 1419 | Thurston, R.V. & Russo, R.C. 1983.
Acute toxicity of ammonia
to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
Trans.
Am.
Fish.
Soc.
112(5): 696 - 704. |
| 1859 | Thurston, R.V. et al. 1978.
Acute toxicity of ammonia and
nitrate to cutthroat trout fry.
Trans.
Amer.
Fish.
Soc. 107:
361. |
| 1420 | Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., Luedtke, R.J., Smith, C.E.,
Meyn, E.L., Chakoumakos, D., Wang, K.C. & Brown, C.J.D. 1984.
Chronic toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout.
Trans.
Am
Fish.
Soc. 113(1): 56 73. |
| 1781 | van der Eerden, L.J.M.
Influence of ammonia on plants.
Resear
Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
|
| 1468 | Verschueren, K. 1983.
Handbook of environmental data of
organic chemicals.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Inc., New York.
1310 s. |
| 1907 | Williams, K.A. et al. 1986.
Studies on the acute toxicity of
pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 3.
Ammonia.
Arch.
Hydrobiol. 106: 61. |
