Chemical |
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene |
CAS-number : |
120-82-1 |
|
Synonyms : |
1,2,4-trichlorobenzol. |
1,2,4-triklooribentseeni |
as-trichlorobenzene |
asym-trichlorobenzene |
Benzene, 1,2,4-trichloro- |
unsym-trichlorobenzene |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
C6H3Cl3 |
EINECS-number : |
2044280 |
|
Uses : |
Solvent in chemical manufacturing; dyes and intermediates;
dielectric fluid; synthetic transformer oils; insecticides;
herbicides; heat transfer medium; degreaser; lubricant.
|
|
State and appearance : |
Colourless, stable, refractive liquid; insoluble in water. -
Solid colourless crystals (Sax 1986).
|
|
Odor : |
Lower odour threshold: 0.88 - 2.4 ppm. -
No odour at lowest
level, definite odour at higher level (Sax 1986).
|
|
Molecular weight : |
181.44
182 |
|
Spesicif gravity (water=1) : |
1.454 |
|
|
Vapor density (air=1) : |
1.463 |
|
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
36 |
20 °C, Anon. 1989 |
30 |
25 °C, Sax 1986 |
31.3 |
25 °C, Banerjee 1984 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
17 |
|
16.95 |
Suntio et al. 1988 |
17 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Boiling point, °C : |
213 |
|
210 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Flashing point, °C : |
110 |
|
93.3 |
|
|
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
4.23 |
Sax 1986 |
3.98 |
Chin et al. 1986 |
4.18 |
Anon 1986 |
3.93 |
3.93 - 4.67, Sabljic 1987 |
4.67 |
|
4.26 |
Chin et al. 1986 |
4.1 |
Anon 1988 |
4.05 |
Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
4.27 |
Yalkowsky et al. 1979 |
3.93 |
Konemann et al. 1979 |
3.97 |
Wateral et al. 1982 |
3.98 |
Miller et al. 1984 |
4.02 |
Chiou 1985 |
|
Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol : |
108.4 |
|
240 |
Anon 1988 |
366.6 |
Suntio et al 1988 |
|
Mobility : |
Equilibrium distribution:
mass %
air 96.60
water 1.16
solid 2.24
(Anon 1988)
|
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
Photooxidation half-life in air:
53.5d - 5.4d, based upon measured rate data for the vapor phase
reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard 1991).
|
|
Other reactions in atmosphere : |
In the troposphere reaction with OH-radicals: half-life 30 days
(Rinke & Zetzsch 1984).
|
|
Hydrolysis in water : |
No hydrolysis in normal environmental conditions (Åkermark et
al.
1976).
First-order hydrolysis half-life:
3.4yr, scientific judgement based upon overall rate constant
(2.3X10-5 hr-1) at pH 7 and 25 °C (Howard 1991).
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
53.5 |
53.5d - 5.4d, |
5.4 |
based upon photooxidation half-life in air. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
180 |
6mo - 4w, |
28 |
scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aerobic soil grab sample data. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
180 |
6mo - 4w, |
28 |
in surface water: scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. |
360 |
1yr - 8w, |
56 |
in ground water: scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
Aerobic half-life:
6mo - 4w, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aerobic
soil grab sample data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic half-life:
2yr - 16w, scientific judgement based upon estimated
unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
1991).
|
|
Total degradation in water : |
Biodegradation:
0% by BOD
period: 14d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
|
|
Ready biodegradability : |
Not easily degradable in Closed bottle test (BUA 1988).
Not easily degradable (Anon. 1989).
Confirmed to be non-biodegradable (Anon. 1987). |
|
Other information of degradation : |
Photochemical dechlorination forms 1,3-dichlorobenzene and
1,4-dichlorobenzene (Åkerman et al. 1976).
Degradation in anaerobic conditions has not been shown
(BUA 1988).
Will volatilize from water fairly rapidly: half-life of 45
minutes when aerated; 100 ppm completely volatized from
unaerated distilled water in 2 days. 50 mg/l in aerated mixed
cultures of aerobic microorganisms - measurable level still
detected after 9 days.
Octanol/water partition coefficient
suggests the possibility of adsorption to organic material. 1.7
mg/l with unacclimatized industrial wastewater microorganisms
degraded 14 % in 24 hours, 36 % at 72 hours, and 43 % in 7
days; an initial concentration of 2.6 mg/l decreased 28 % in 7
days.
Under environmental conditions - unacclimated
microorganisms and varying carbon sources - a much lower rate
of degradation is expected.
Hydrolysis probably will not occur;
oxidation may be possible, but unlikely to be important (Sax
1986).
|
|
Metabolism in fishes : |
Bluegills fed Daphnia containing 1,2,4-TCB showed only slight
increase in body burden of compound, 5 % of that during
exposure to same level in the water (Sax 1986).
|
|
Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
850 |
BUA 1988 |
|
-- |
182 |
28d, steady-state, 0.003 mg/l |
|
Lepomis macrochirus, Sax 1986 |
|
-- |
398 |
32d, Pimephales promelas, USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
420 |
420-1140, 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.05 mg/l, |
1140 |
|
120 |
120-1320, 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.005 mg/l, |
1320 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Medium level accumulation (Anon. 1989).
Confirmed to be accumulated on a medium level (Anon. 1987).
Bioconcentration factor (crustaceans):
142, Daphnia magna, 0.003 mg/l, equilibrium
(Sax 1986).
|
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
756 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
300 |
orl-mus |
|
LDLo values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
500 |
ipr-mus, Sax 1986 |
|
Health effects : |
The amount of TCB necessary to induce a toxic reaction via
application to the skin is quite high. 3 to 5 ppm causes minor eye
and respiratory irritation. -
Severe skin and eye
irritation. -
CNS stimulation, headache, dermatitis, skin,
eye, and throat irritation (Sax 1986).
Skin and eye irritation data:
skn, rbt, 1950 mg/l, 13 W-I, moderate (Sax 1986).
|
|
Carcinogenicity : |
No carcinogenic effect shown (BUA 1988).
|
|
Mutagenicity : |
Negative in mutagenicity tests (BUA 1988).
|
|
Effects on anthropods : |
LC50, 2 d, 0.93 mg/l, Tanytarsus dissimilis (Holcombe et al.
1987).
|
|
Effects on wastewater treatment : |
BOD test inhibited by >/= 5 mg/l (Sax 1986).
|
|
EC50 values to microorganism, mg/l : |
280 |
0.5 hr, Resazurin reduction, methanol |
110 |
0.5 hr, Resazurin reduction, ethanol |
50 |
0.5 hr, Resazurin reduction, acetone |
500 |
>500, 0.5 hr, Resazurin reduction, DMSO |
|
Thompson et al. 1986 |
|
EC50 values to algae, mg/l : |
8.4 |
96hr, grw, Scenedesmus subspicatus |
|
Geyer et al. 1985 |
|
-- |
1.4 |
96hr, growth, Selenastrum capricornutum |
3.9 |
3hr, photosynthesis, Selenastrum |
|
capricornutm, Calamari et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
8.9 |
Skeletonema, growth, USEPA 1980 |
|
-- |
35.5 |
96hr, Selenastrum capricornutum |
|
chlorophyll destruction |
36.7 |
96hr, S. capricornutum |
|
decreased cell numbers |
8.7 |
96hr, Skeletonema costatum |
|
chlorophyll inhibition |
8.93 |
96hr, S. costatum |
|
decreased cell numbers |
|
Sax 1986 |
|
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
50 |
48 hr, Daphnia magna, LeBlanc 1980 |
|
-- |
0.56 |
16d, Daphnia magna |
|
Hermens et al. 1984 |
|
-- |
3.02 |
4d, Orconectes immunis |
|
Holcombe et al. 1987 |
|
-- |
1.2 |
24hr, Daphnia magna, Calamari et al. |
|
1983 |
|
-- |
2.09 |
48hr, unfed, Daphnia magna |
1.68 |
48hr, fed, Daphnia magna |
|
USEPA 1984 |
|
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.27 |
16d, reproduction, Daphnia magna |
0.46 |
16d, growth, Daphnia |
|
Hermens et al. 1984 |
|
-- |
0.45 |
14d, rpd, Daphnia magna |
|
Calamari et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
3.39 |
2d, mbt, Daphnia magna |
|
Holcombe et al. 1987 |
|
-- |
1.7 |
1.7 - 2.1, 48hr, Daphnia magna |
2.1 |
Richter et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
3.2 |
24hr, Artemia, Abernethy et al. 1986 |
|
-- |
2.6 |
96hr, Nitocra, Bengtsson et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
0.45 |
96hr, Mysidopsis, USEPA 1980 |
|
-- |
50.2 |
48hr, Daphnia magna, Sax 1986 |
|
NOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.32 |
16d, srv, Daphnia magna |
0.1 |
16d, rpd, Daphnia magna |
|
Hermens et al. 1984 |
|
-- |
0.363 |
0.363 - 0.694, 28d, Daphnia |
0.694 |
USEPA 1984 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.71 |
48 hr, Salmo gairdneri, |
|
Calamari et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
2.4 |
14d, Poelicia reticulata,Könemann 1979 |
|
-- |
2.9 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas |
|
Veith et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
3.4 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
|
Buccafusco et al. 1981 |
|
-- |
21 |
96hr, Cyprinodon variegatus |
|
Heitmuller et al. 1981 |
|
-- |
3.02 |
4d, Lepomis macrochirus |
3.01 |
4d, Pimephales promelas |
1.32 |
4d, Salmo gairdneri |
|
Holcombe et al. 1987 |
|
-- |
2.76 |
4d, Pimephales promelas |
|
Carlson 1987 |
|
-- |
1.95 |
48hr, Salmo gairdneri |
6.3 |
48hr, Brachydanio rerio |
|
Calamari et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
2.9 |
96hr, Pimephales, Veith et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
3.4 |
96hr, Lepomis, Buccafusco et al. 1981 |
|
-- |
0.7 |
Leuciscus, Knie et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
2.4 |
7d, Poecilia, Könemann 1981 |
|
-- |
1.5 |
Salmo gairdneri, Sax 1986 |
2.87 |
Pimephales promelas |
3.36 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
21.4 |
96hr, Cyprinodon variegatus |
|
-- |
2.76 |
96hr, flow-through, Pimephales promelas |
1.52 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
|
USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
12.3 |
48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992 |
|
-- |
2.99 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1990 |
|
EC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
1.27 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, USEPA 1984 |
|
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.41 |
30d, Pimephales, embryo-larvae |
|
LeBlanc 1984 |
|
-- |
0.18 |
21d, Branchydanio, BUA 1988 |
|
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.499 |
0.499 - 1.008, 32d, Pimephales promelas |
1.008 |
USEPA 1984 |
|
Other information of water organisms : |
EC50 (24 hr) 0.91 mg/l, rpd, Tetrahymena pyriformis (Yoshioka et
al. 1985).
Aplexa hypnorum, LC50, 4 d, 3.16 mg/l (Holcombe et al. 1987).
0.286 mg/l; 0.705 mg/l, Pimephales promelas, chronic value,
early life stage test. - 0.222 mg/l, Cyprinodon variegatus,
chronic value, early life stage test (Sax 1986).
|
|
Other effects on aquatic ecosystems : |
LOEC, marine model ecosystem: 0.04 mg/l, mollucs being the most
sensitive organisms (Tagatz et al. 1985).
|
|
Other information : |
Theoretical division:
95.7 % in air; 1.2 % in water; > 3 % in sediment and soil
(Anon. 1989).
Dangerous to environment:
not easily degradable;
bioaccumulating;
toxic to aquatic life (Anon. 1989).
|
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