Chemical |
Tetrachloroethylene |
CAS-number : |
127-18-4 |
|
Synonyms : |
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene |
Ethene, tetrachloro- |
perchloroethene |
perchloroethylene |
perkloorietyleeni |
tetrachloroethene |
Tetrakloorietyleeni |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
C2Cl4 |
EINECS-number : |
2048259
2048259 |
|
Uses : |
Dry clearing solvent; metal degreasing; solvent for fats,
greases, waxes; remove soot from industrial boilers;
intermediate; vapor degreasing solvent; drying agent for metals
and certain other solids; vermifuge, heat transfer mediu,
manufacture of fluorocarbons.
|
|
State and appearance : |
Colourless liquid.
|
|
Odor : |
Ether-like odor.
|
|
Molecular weight : |
165.82 |
|
Density, kg/m3 : |
1623 |
20 °C |
|
Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
14 |
20°C |
18.49 |
25°C, Daubert & Danner 1985 |
18.47 |
25°C, Riddick et al. 1986 |
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
150.3 |
25 °C, Horvath 1982 |
150 |
20 °C, Anon 1986b |
10000 |
< 10 000, MITI 1992 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
-22.7 |
|
-19 |
Suntio et al. 1988 |
-19 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Boiling point, °C : |
121.4 |
|
121 |
Anon 1986b |
121.2 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
2.53 |
2.53 - 2.88, Sabljic 1987 |
2.88 |
|
2.53 |
Anon 1986b |
3.38 |
Anon 1988 |
2.6 |
Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
2.88 |
Schwarzenbach et al. 1983 |
2.6 |
Chiou et al. 1977 |
2.53 |
Banerjee et al. 1980 |
2.88 |
Neely et al. 1974 |
3.4 |
Hansch & Leo 1985 |
|
Log organic C/water coefficient, log Pcw : |
2.32 |
exptl, Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
2.36 |
calcd, Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
|
Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol : |
730 |
Anon 1988 |
1793 |
exptl., Gossett 1987 |
2720 |
calc. Yaws et al. 1991 |
|
Volatilization : |
Relative volatility (nBuAc=1) = 1.95
PCE will evaporate rapidly from water based on estimates of
half-life for the evaporation from water which range from
fractions of an hour to several hours in laboratory
experiments.
Due to its high vapor pressure and low adsorption
to soil, volatilization of PCE from dry soil should be rapid.
(Howard 1990)
|
|
Adsorption/desorption : |
When PCE adsorbed to silica gel is irradiated through a pyrex
filter, 60 - 90% is lost in 6 days (Gaeb et al. 1977).
|
|
Mobility : |
Equilibrium distribution:
mass %
air 99.45
water 0.40
solid 0.15
(Anon. 1988).
Theoretical distribution:
> 99 % in air, < 0.2 in water (Anon. 1989).
Koc: 209 (Schwarzenbach 1981)
210 (Chiou et al. 1979)
A Koc of 238 was calculated based on a reported Kom of 137.7 in
a peaty soil (Lyman et al. 1982) (Fresenius 1984).
Based on reported and estimated Koc's, PCE will be expected to
exhibit low to medium mobility in soil (Swann et al. 1983).
|
|
Other physicochemical properties : |
Extremely stable, resist hydrolysis.
Insoluble in water (Sax &
Lewis 1987).
|
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
PCE reacts with hydroxyl radicals which are produced by
sunlight in the troposphere with an estimated half-life of
about 2 months or a loss of 1.5% per sunlit day (Howard 1990).
Photooxidation in pure air with simulated tropospheric light
is with complete degradation occurring in 7 days and from 0.5%
to 100% loss per hour.
The rate of loss is very sensitive to
radiation in the 280 - 330 nm region and increases with
increasing PCE concentration.
The presence of nitrogen
oxides has little effect on the rate of loss, and the main
reaction product is phosgene (70 - 85%) with smaller amounts
of carbon tetrachloride (8%), dichloroacetyl chloride and
trichloroacetyl chloride.
The proposed mechanism involved the
molecular reaction with chlorine radicals produced by
photooxidation of PCE (Singh et al. 1975) (Dimitriades et al.
1983).
Some photodegradation occurs when PCE in air-saturated water is
exposed to sunlight.
In one year, 75% degradation occured
whereas 59 - 65% degradation was noted for dark controls
(Dilling et al. 1975).
Photooxidation half-life in air:
160d - 16d, based upon measured rate data for the vapor phase
reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard 1991).
|
|
Other reactions in atmosphere : |
Hydroxyl radicals in troposphere (half-life 100 days) can
attack double bonds when intermediate products are formed which
propably are then hydrolyzed to trichloroacetic acid (Pearson &
McConnell 1975).
|
|
Photochemical degradation in water : |
No photochemical degradation in water (Rippen 1988).
|
|
Hydrolysis in water : |
Hydrolysis in aerobic conditions , half-life > 9 months (Rippen
1988).
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
160 |
160d - 16d, |
16 |
based upon photooxidation half-life in air. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
360 |
1yr - 6mo, |
180 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
360 |
1yr - 6mo, |
180 |
in surface water: scientific judgement based upon aerobic river die-away test data and saltwater grab sample data. |
720 |
2yr - 1yr, |
360 |
in ground water: scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
Surface, no measurable degradation in 6 weeks (Hellmann 1985).
Aerobic half-life:
1yr - 6mo, scientific judgement based upon aerobic river
die-away test data and saltwater grab sample data (Howard
1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaaerobic half-life:
4.5yr - 98d, scientific judgement based upon anaerobic
screening test data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Total degradation in water : |
If PCE is released in water, the primary loss will be by
evaporation.
The half-life for evaporation from water will
depend on wind and mixing conditions and is estimated to range
from 3 hours to 14 days in rivers, lakes and ponds.
Chemical
and biological degradation are expected to be very slow.
PCE
will not be expected to significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms or to adsorb to sediment (Howard 1990).
In a seawater aquarium, an 8-day half-life was demonstrated to
be predominately the result of evaporation (Jensen & Rosenberg
1975).
In a natural pond PCE disappeared in 5 and 36 days at low (25
ppm) and high (250 ppm) dose levels, respectively
(Lay et al. 1984).
Biodegradation:
11% by BOD
period: 28d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992).
|
|
Degradation and transformation products : |
Trichloroethene, dichloroethene and vinylchloride after
anaerobic degradation (Anon. 1989).
|
|
Ready biodegradability : |
Confirmed to be non-biodegradable (Anon. 1987). |
|
Other information of degradation : |
Degradation of tetrachloroethylene:
*--------------------------------------------------------------*
ENVIRONMENT INIT.CONC REDOX- TEMP DEGRADATION REF.
mg/l COND. °C %/day t1/2
*--------------------------------------------------------------*
biofilm 0.015 methanogen 22 - 87 (1) a
water + soil 0.085 - 0.666 anaerobic 20 <5/7 b
water 0.010 methanogen 35 30/112 218 c
water 0.032 methanogen 35 38/112 165 c
water 0.130 methanogen 35 57/112 92 c
water 0.0088 aerobic 20 0/175 c
water 0.033 aerobic 20 0/175 c
water 0.074 aerobic 20 0/175 c
biofilm 0.01 aerobic 22 0/730 d
water 0.152 methanogen 35 100/57 <19 e
biofilm 0.170 methanogen 23 - 74 (1) f
water (deion.) 1.0 aerobic 25 - 264 g
water 0.2 aerobic + methane 20 0/4 h
soil column 0.7 aerobic + methane - - 0.26 i
water 0.13 aerobic - 97/11 j
soil 0.0878 aerobic/anaer. 25 67/21 12.7 k
soil 1.43 aerobic/anaer. 25 68/21 13.0 k
soil 0.25 aerobic/anaer. 25 15/11 46.2 k
water 5 aerobic 25 45/7 l
water 10 aerobic 25 30/7 l
water (adapted) 5 aerobic 25 87/7 l
water (adapted) 10 aerobic 25 84/7 l
water + soil 0.6 - 0.8 aerobic 17 <2/7 m
*--------------------------------------------------------------*
(1)Biomass concentration set to 0.100 mg/l.
a) Bouwer & McCarty 1985 h) Fogel et al. 1986
b) Wilson et al. 1983 i) Anon. 1987b
c) Bouwer et al. 1981 j) Kästner 1986
d) Bouwer & McCarty 1982 k) Parsons et al. 1984
e) Bouwer & McCarty 1983a l) Tabak et al. 1981
f) Bouwer & Wright 1987 m) Wilson et al. 1983a
g) Dilling et al. 1975 n) Vogel & McCarty 1985
No degradation occurred in 21 days in 3 biodegradability tests
acclimated or un acclimated inocula or in a river die-away
test (Mudder 1982).
|
|
Metabolism in mammals : |
Quick uptake via skin and lungs. 70 - 90 % of the uptaken
amount is eliminated unchanged with exhale.
Is metabolized
mostly to trichloroacetic acid which is excreted in urine
(Fawell & Hunt 1988).
|
|
Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
39 |
Salmo gairdneri, Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
49 |
21d, Lepomis macrochirus, |
|
Davies & Dobbs 1984 |
|
-- |
74 |
32d, Pimephales promelas, USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
38.9 |
Pimephales promelas, Neely et al. 1974 |
|
-- |
49 |
Lepomis macrochirus, Barrows et al. 1980 |
|
-- |
25.8 |
25.8 - 77.1, 8w, Cyprinus carpio,conc 0.1 mg/l, |
77.1 |
|
28.4 |
28.4 - 75.7, 8w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.01 mg/l, |
75.7 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Confirmed to be non-accumulative or low accumulative (Anon.
1987).
|
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
8850 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
8100 |
orl-mus, - " - |
|
-- |
2600 |
orl-rat, Torkelson & Rowe 1982 |
|
LC50 values to mammals in inhalation exposure, mg/m3 : |
27800 |
6hr, ihl-rat, Bonnet et al. 1980 |
|
LDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
4000 |
orl-dog, NIOSH 1979 |
|
LCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, ppm : |
4000 |
4 hr, ihl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
TCLo values to mammals in inhalation exposure, ppm : |
96 |
7 hr, ihl-hmn, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
Other information of mammals : |
Maximum tolerable oral dose in 78 weeks was 720 - 1070 mg/kg/d
for mouse and rat (NCI 1977).
|
|
Health effects : |
Irritant to eyes and skin (Sax & Lewis 1987).
|
|
Carcinogenicity : |
NCI carcinogenesis bioassay completed: results positive, mus;
results negative, rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984).
|
|
Mutagenicity : |
Positive in Ames test (IARC 1979).
Negative in chromosome aberration test (IARC 1979).
Restricted evidence of carcinogenicity in mice (IARC 1979).
|
|
Teratogenicity : |
Teratogenic effects have not been proved but there have been
some toxic effects to fetuses (Fawell & Hunt 1988).
|
|
Maximum longterm immission concentration in air for plants,mg/m3 : |
35 |
VDI 2306 |
|
Maximum longterm immission concentration in air for plants,ppm : |
5 |
VDI 2306 |
|
Effects on microorganisms : |
EC10, Pseudomonas putida, 51 mg/l, 16hr, pH 7, Anon 1986b.
|
|
Effects on wastewater treatment : |
Inhibition in active sludge 10 mg/l (Neumann 1984).
|
|
EC50 values to algae, mg/l : |
816 |
96hr, >816 mg/l, Selanastrum |
|
capricorntum, chlorophyll a |
816 |
96hr, >816 mg/l, Selanastrum |
|
capricorntum, cellnumber |
|
Anon 1986b |
|
-- |
10.5 |
Phaeodactylum, Pearson & McConnell 1975 |
|
LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
2 |
phytoplankton, flow through, |
|
Erickson & Hawkins 1980 |
|
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
17.7 |
48hr, Daphnia magna, Anon 1986b |
30.84 |
Tanytarsus dissimilis, Anon 1986b |
|
-- |
18.1 |
48hr, unfed, Daphnia magna |
9.09 |
48hr, fed, Daphnia magna |
|
USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
10 |
96hr, Mysidopsis, |
|
Zaroogian et al. 1985 |
|
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
147 |
24hr, Daphnia magna, Anon 1986b |
|
-- |
8.5 |
48hr, unfed, Daphnia magna |
7.49 |
48hr, fed, Daphnia magna |
|
USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
18 |
48hr, Daphnia magna, LeBlanc 1980 |
|
NOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.505 |
0.505 - 1.11, 28d, Daphnia |
1.11 |
USEPA 1984 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
4.99 |
96 hr, Salmo gairdneri, |
|
Shubat et al. 1982 |
|
-- |
13 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus, |
|
Buccafusco et al. 1981 |
|
-- |
18.4 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, |
18 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, |
|
Alexander et al. 1978 |
|
-- |
24 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, |
|
Broderius & Kahl 1985 |
|
-- |
130 |
48hr, Leuciscus idus melanotus, |
18.4 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, |
13.46 |
Pimephales promelas, |
21.4 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, |
12.9 |
Lepomis macrochirus, |
7 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus, |
4.8 |
Salmo gairdneri, |
5.8 |
Salmo gairdneri, |
|
Anon 1986b |
|
-- |
13.4 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, |
4.99 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, |
5.76 |
96hr, a mixture with dimethylforamide, |
|
Salmo gairdneri, |
|
USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
5 |
96hr, Limanda, sea water, flow trough, |
|
Pearson & McConnell 1975 |
|
-- |
32 |
48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992 |
|
-- |
13.4 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas |
20.3 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1985 |
|
EC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
4.86 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, USEPA 1984 |
5.84 |
96hr, a mixture with dimethylforamide, |
|
Salmo gairdneri, USEPA 1984 |
|
-- |
8.45 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1985 |
|
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.5 |
0.5 - 1.4, 32d, Pimephales promelas |
1.4 |
USEPA 1984 |
|
Effects on physiology of water organisms : |
Poecilia sphenops, 60 days, 17 % survival, decreased weight and
injuries in liver, 1.6 mg/l (Loekle et al. 1983).
|
|
Effects on reproduction of water organisms : |
Daphnia, growth, reproduction, 28 days, EC0, 0.5 - 1.1 mg/l
(Rippen 1988).
Pimephales, embryo, larvae, 32 days, EC0, 0.5 - 1,4 mg/l
(Rippen 1988).
|
|
Other information of water organisms : |
EC50 (24 hr) 100 mg/l, rpd, Tetrahymena pyriformis (Yoshioka et
al. 1985).
LC50, Dugesia (Planarie), 25 mg/l (Yoshioka et al. 1986).
LC50 (48 hr), Elminius, 3,5 mg/l (Pearson & McConnell 1975).
|
|
Other information : |
Estimated amount in troposphere: 0.7 Mt (1980) which is 3.3 % of
the total amount of organic bound chlorine (Fabian 1986).
|
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