| Chemical |
Paraquat |
| CAS-number : |
1910-42-5 |
| |
| Synonyms : |
| 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride |
| 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium chloride |
| 4,4'-dimethyldipyridyl dichloride |
| Dextrone |
| dimethyl viologenchloride |
| N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride |
| n,n'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride |
| Parakvatti |
| Paraquat chloride. |
| |
| Sumformula of the chemical : |
| C12H14N2.2Cl |
| |
| Uses : |
herbicide
|
| |
| Molecular weight : |
257.18 |
| |
| Water solubility, mg/l : |
| 1000 |
>1000, MITI 1992 |
| |
| Aerobic degradation in soil : |
No significant degradation in sterile or nonsterile soil
incubated aerobically for 90 days (25 °C) (Verschueren 1983).
|
| |
| Anaerobic degradation in soil : |
No significant degradation in sterile or nonsterile soil
incubated anaerobically for 90 days (25 °C) (Verschueren 1983). |
| |
| Total degradation in water : |
Biodegradation:
0% by BOD
period: 28d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
|
| |
| Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
| 0.2 |
< 0.2 - 0.3, 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 2 mg/l, |
| 0.3 |
|
| 1.9 |
< 1.9, 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.2 mg/l, |
| |
| Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Confirmed to be non-accumulative or low accumulative (Anon.
1987).
|
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 57 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| 22 |
orl-gpg |
| 25 |
orl-dog |
| |
-- |
| 35 |
orl-cat, Sweet 1987 |
| 30 |
orl-domestic animal |
| 50 |
orl-mky |
| 120 |
orl-mus |
| 30 |
orl-pig |
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
| 80 |
skn-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
-- |
| 3 |
ipr-gpg, Sweet 1987 |
| 30 |
ipr-mus |
| 26 |
ipr-rat |
| 18 |
ipr-rbr |
| 1 |
ivn-domestic animal |
| 180 |
ivn-mus |
| 21 |
ivn-rat |
| 24 |
scu-rat |
| 325 |
skn-rbt |
| |
| LDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 214 |
orl-hmn, Sweet 1987 |
| 43 |
orl-man |
| 3000 |
orl-wmn |
| 111 |
orl-wmn |
| |
| LDLo values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
| 34.5 |
ivn-dog, Sweet 1987 |
| |
| TDLo values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 32 |
orl-man, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| TDLo values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
| 30.15 |
ipr-mus, 8-16d preg. |
| |
effects on fertility |
| 6.5 |
ipr-mus, 6d preg. |
| |
specific developmental abnormalities |
| |
Sweet 1987 |
| |
| Other information of mammals : |
Skin and eye irritation data:
eye, rabbit, 25 mg, mild (Sweet 1987).
|
| |
| Mutagenicity : |
Mutation data:
cytogenic analysis:
hamster, lung, 3mmol/l;
DNA inhibition:
rat, orl, 126 mg/kg;
DNA repair:
S. typhimurium, 0.1 mg/plate;
unscheduled DNA synthesis:
human, fibroblast, 20 mg/l;
human, cell types, 20 mg/l;
gene conversion and mitotic recombination:
S. cerevisiae, 100 ppm;
microbial mutation withour S9:
A. nidulans, 0.4 mg/plate;
microorganisms, 1000 ppm;
S. typhimurium 2500 ng/plate:
microsomal assay:
S. typhimurium; 0.02 mg/plate;
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction:
A. nidulans. 20000 mg/l;
sister chromatid exchange:
hamster,fibroblast, 1 mmol/l;
hamster, lung, 0.1 mmol/l;
test systems (other):
chicken, liver, 50 mg/l;
rat, orl, 126 mg/l (Sweet 1987).
|
| |
| LD50 values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 199 |
orl-dck, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| 362 |
orl-ckn |
| |
| LD50 values to birds in dermal exposure, mg/kg : |
| 600 |
skn-dck, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
| |
| Effects on plants : |
34 days old nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) plants were sprayed
with paraquat dichloride at the equivalent of 0.28 kg/ha (ion) ->
e.g. rapid necrosis of green shoots, shoot dry weights
declined, some decay and loss of dry weight of rhizomes and
roots occurred (Hammerton 1974).
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) wee sprayed to 'run off' at the
fully expanded primary leaf stage.
Paraquat at 0.00025 M
increased leaf - cell membrane permeability after exposure for 12
hr or less (Prendeville & Warren 1977).
Growth of oat roots was inhibited by 50 % during 72 hr of
paraquat treatment at 21 ppm (Coffey & Warren 1969).
|
| |
| LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
| 5 |
10d, rpd, Isochyris galbana |
| |
Walsh 1972 |
| |
| LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 3.7 |
48 hr, Daphnia pulex, Sanders & Cope |
| |
1966 |
| |
-- |
| 40 |
> 40, act, Daphnia pulex |
| |
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
| |
| LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 32 |
96 hr, Salmo gairdneri, Pesticide |
| |
Manual 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 2.5 |
2.5 - 13, 96 hr, Salmo trutta m. |
| 13 |
lacustris, Pesticide Manual 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 62 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, Edwards 1977 |
| |
-- |
| 7 |
96hr, Rasbora trilineata |
| 12 |
96hr, Poelicia reticulata |
| |
Kam-Wing & Furtado 1977 |
| |
-- |
| 76 |
96hr, Oncorhynchus kisutch |
| |
Lorz et al. 1979 |
| |
-- |
| 604 |
96hr, Gambusia affinis, Johnson 1978 |
| |
-- |
| 840 |
24hr,Rasbora heteromorpha,Alabaster 1969 |
| |
-- |
| 40 |
> 40, 48hr, Cyprinus carpio |
| 10 |
> 10, 48hr, Carassius auratus |
| |
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
| |
-- |
| 593 |
48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992 |
| |
| Effects on physiology of water organisms : |
Cyprinus carpio, 5.0 mg/l, 1 d, change in enzyme activity (Vig et
al. 1987).
|
References |
| 34 | Alabaster, J.S. 1969: Survival of fish in 164 herbicides,
insecticides, fungicides, wetting agents and miscellaneous
substances.
Internat.
Pest.
Contr.
March/April 1969:35-39. |
| 70 | Anon. 1983c.
Pesticide Manual.
Worthing, C.R.
(toim.)
A world compedium.
The British Crop Biotection Council.
London. 7 th edition. |
| 1848 | Anon. 1987a.
The list of the existing chemical substances tested
on biodegradability by microorganisms or bioaccumulation in
fish body by Chemicals Inspection & Testing Institute.
Ministry
of International Trade and Industry, MITI.
Japan. |
| 774 | Coffey, D.L. & Warren, G.F. 1969.
Effects of several herbicides
on red clover seed production.
Can.
J.
Plant Sci. 56(2): 413 -
415. |
| 377 | Edwards, C.A. 1977.
Nature and origins of pollution of
aquatic systems by pesticides.
In: Pesticides in Aquatic
Environments.
M.A.
Q.
Khan, (ed.)
Plenum Press, N.Y. |
| 703 | Hammerton, J.L. 1974.
Experiment with Cyperus rotundus L..I.
Growth and development and effects of 2,4-D and paraquat.
Weed
Research 14(6): 365 - 369. |
| 550 | Hashimoto, Y. & Nishiuchi Y. 1981.
Establishment of
bioassay methods for the evaluation of acute toxicity of
pesticides to aquatic organisms.
J.
Pestic.
Sci.
(Jap.) 6: 257. |
| 668 | Johnson, C.R. 1978.
Herbicide toxicities in the mosquitofish,
Gambusia affinis.
Proc.
Royal.
Soc.
Queensland 89:25. |
| 693 | Kam-Wing, L. & Furtado, J.I. 1977.
The chemical control of
Salvinia molesta (Mitchell) and some related toxicological
studies.
Hydrobiologia (Den.) 56: 49. |
| 1589 | Lewis, R.J. & Sweet, D.V. 1984.
Registry of toxic effects of
chemical substances.
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health.
No. 83-107-4. |
| 857 | Lorz, H.W. et al. 1979.
Effects of selected herbicides on
smolting of coho salmon.
EPA-600/3-79-071, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oreg. |
| 3105 | MITI 1992.
Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing
chemicals based on the CSCL Japan.
Compild under the Safety
Division Basic Industries Bureau Ministry of International
Trade & Industry, Japan.
Edited by Chemicals Inspection &
Testing Institute, Japan.
|
| 1973 | Pilli.A., Carle, D.O., Kline.
E., Pickering.
Q. & Lazorchak.
J. 1988.
Effets of pollution on freshwater organisms.
JWPCF
60(6): 994 - 1065. |
| 706 | Prendeville, G.N. & Warren, G.F. 1977.
Effect of four
herbicides and two oils on leaf-cell membrane permeability.
Weed Research 17(4): 251 - 258. |
| 1225 | Sanders, H.O. & Cope, O.B. 1966.
Toxicities of several
pesticides to two species of cladocerans.
Trans.
Am.
Fish Soc.
95: 165 - 169. |
| 2101 | Sweet, D. 1987.
Registry of toxic effects of chemical
substances 1985 - 1986 edition.
U.S.
Department of health and
human services. |
| 1468 | Verschueren, K. 1983.
Handbook of environmental data of
organic chemicals.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Inc., New York.
1310 s. |
| 1981 | Vig, E. et al. 1987.
Some pathophysiological data of carp
following exposure to selected fungicides and herbicides.
Arch.
Exper.
Vet.
Med. 41: 491. |
| 1500 | Walsh, G.E. 1972.
Effects of herbicides on photosynthesis
and growth of marine unicellular algae.
Hyacinth Control J. 10:
45 - 48. |
