| Chemical |
Acenaphthene |
| CAS-number : |
83-32-9 |
| |
| Synonyms : |
| 1,8-ethylenenaphthalene. |
| 1,8-hydroacenaphthylene |
| asenafteeni |
| ethylenenaphthalene |
| periethylenenaphthalene |
| |
| Sumformula of the chemical : |
| C12H10 |
| EINECS-number : |
| 2014696 |
| |
| Purity, % : |
| 98 |
technical grade |
| |
| Uses : |
Manufacturing source: petroleum refining; shale oil processing;
coal tar distilling.
Users and formulation: dye and plastic manufacturing;
insecticide and fungicide manufacturing.
Natural sources (water and air): coal tar.
Man caused sources (water and air): compustion of tobacco;
constituent in asphalt; in soots generated by the compustion of
aromatic fuels doped with pyridine (EPA 1975, Krishnan et al.
1979).
|
| |
| State and appearance : |
White crystalline solid at room temperature, insoluble, denser
than water.
Will sink.
|
| |
| Odor : |
Threshold odour concentration in water at room temperature:
0.08 ppm, range 0.02 - 0.22 ppm, 14 judges.
20 % of population still able to detect odour at 0.026 ppm
10 % 0.014
1 % 0.0019
0.1 % 0.00021
(Lillard et al. 1975)
|
| |
| Molecular weight : |
154.21 |
| |
| Spesicif gravity (water=1) : |
| 1.189 |
|
| 1.069 |
technical grade |
| |
| Vapor density (air=1) : |
| 5.32 |
|
| |
| Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
| 0.001 |
0.001 - 0.01 |
| 0.01 |
|
| |
| Water solubility, mg/l : |
| 0.57 |
MITI 1992 |
| |
| Melting point, °C : |
| 90 |
90-95 |
| 95 |
|
| 93 |
93-95, MITI 1992 |
| 95 |
|
| |
| Boiling point, °C : |
| 279 |
|
| 277.2 |
MITI 1992 |
| |
| Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
| 4.33 |
Sax 1986 |
| 3.92 |
Chin et al. 1986 |
| 3.92 |
Mackay 1982 |
| 3.92 |
Sangster 1989 |
| 4.18 |
MITI 1992 |
| |
| Adsorption/desorption : |
Aquatic reactions: adsorption on smectite clay particles from
simulated seawater at 25 % -experimental conditions: 100 ug
acetnaphthene /l, 50 mg smectite /l: adsorption: nil (Meyers &
Oas 1978).
|
| |
| Photochemical degradation in air : |
Atmospheric photolysis half-life:
2.5d - 3hr, scientific judgement based upon measured rate of
photolysis in water irradiated with light >290nm (Howard 1991).
Photooxidation half-life:
8.79hr - 0.87hr, scientific judgement based upon estimated rate
constant for reaction with hydroxyl radical in air
(Howard 1991).
|
| |
| Photochemical degradation in soil : |
Acenaphthene resists photochemical degradation in soil (Sax
1986).
|
| |
| Photochemical degradation in water : |
Aquatic photolysis half-life:
2.5d - 3hr, scientific judgement based upon measured rate of
photolysis in water irradiated with light >290nm (Howard 1991). |
| |
| Half-life in air, days : |
| 0.36 |
0.36d - 0.03d, |
| 0.03 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated photoocidation halflife in air |
| |
Howard 1991 |
| |
| Half-life in soil, days : |
| 102 |
102d - 12.3d, |
| 12.3 |
based upon aerobic soil column test data |
| |
Howard 1991 |
| |
| Half-life in water, days : |
| 12.5 |
300hr - 3hr, |
| 0.12 |
surface water: scientific judgement based upon photolysis halflife in water |
| 204 |
204d - 24.6d, |
| 24.6 |
ground water: scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life |
| |
Howard 1991 |
| |
| Aerobic degradation in water : |
Aerobic half-life:
102d - 12.3d, based upon aerobic soil column test data (Howard
1991).
|
| |
| Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic half-life:
408d - 49.2d, scientific judgement based upon estimated
unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
1991).
|
| |
| Total degradation in water : |
Biodegradation:
0% by BOD
period: 28d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
|
| |
| Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
| 387 |
bluegill, Sax 1986 |
| 489 |
489 - 1000, 8w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.03 mg/l, |
| 1000 |
|
| 254 |
254 - 1270, 8w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.003 mg/l, |
| 1270 |
MITI 1992 |
| |
| LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
| 10000 |
orl-rat, act, Sax 1986 |
| 2100 |
orl-mus, act |
| |
| Effects on physiology of mammals : |
Orl in olive oil, 2000 mg/kg, 32 d, daily, young rat: body
weight loss, enzyme and blood changes, mild liver and kidney
damage, mild bronchitis (Sax 1986).
Inhalation, rat, 4 hr/d, 6d/w, 12 mg/m3: toxic effect on blood,
lungs, and glandular constituents (Sax 1986).
|
| |
| Health effects : |
Irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
May cause vomiting if
large amounts are ingested (Sax 1986).
|
| |
| Mutagenicity : |
Mutagenicity: acenaphthene induced significant mutation to
8-azaguanine resistance in Salmonella typhimurium at
concentrations as low as 1000 uM (Verschueren 1983).
|
| |
| Effects on wastewater treatment : |
Since polychlorinated PAH are probably high toxic to aquatic
organisms and persistent in the environment as are
polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes,
chlorination for purification of wastewaters or drinking waters
containing high concentrations of PAH's may be inadvisable.
Activated sludge treatment is unable to oxidize PAH's within
normal retention times (Sax 1986).
|
| |
| LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 41 |
srv, act, 48 hr, Daphnia magna, LeBlanc |
| |
1980 |
| |
| EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
| 41.2 |
48hr, Daphnia magna, Sax 1986 |
| |
-- |
| 3.45 |
48hr, imb, Daphnia magna, AQUIRE 1994 |
| |
| LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 1.6 |
96 hr, flow-through, Pimephales promelas |
| 1.72 |
96 hr, flow-through, Ictalurus punctatus |
| 0.67 |
96 hr, flow-through, Salmo gairdneri |
| 0.58 |
96 hr, flow-through, Salmo trutta m. |
| |
lacustris, Holcombe et al. 1983 |
| |
-- |
| 1.7 |
96 hr, Lepomis macrochirus, |
| |
Buccafusco et al. 1981 |
| |
-- |
| 400 |
> 400, 48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992 |
| |
-- |
| 1.73 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1985 |
| |
| LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.97 |
srv, schr, Cyprinodon variegatus, |
| |
Ward & Parrish 1980 |
| 0.56 |
srv, grw, schr, Pimephales promelas, |
| |
Cairns & Nebeker 1982 |
| |
| NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
| 0.34 |
srv, grw, schr, Pimephales promelas, |
| |
Cairns & Nebeker 1982 |
| |
-- |
| 1 |
96hr, Cyprinodon variegatus, AQUIRE 1994 |
| |
| Other information of water organisms : |
In most cases, crustaceans are the most sensitive aquatic
organisms to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Fish are he most
resistant.
Polychaete worms show intermediate sensitivity.
Acenaphthene is only slightly toxic or practically nontoxic to
mammals (Sax 1986).
LC50, >2.040 mg/l, 96hr, flow-through, Aplexa hypnorum
(Holcombe et al. 1983).
|
| |
| Other effects on aquatic ecosystems : |
Oxidation of any polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) by
chlorine and ozone, when used for the disinfection of drinking
water, forms quinones.
Chlorinating agents will also produce
chlorine-substituted PAH's as well as oxidation products.
The half-life for the reaction of all PAH's with chlorine is
less than 0.5 hour.
Hydrolysis is not significant.
Photolysis
in an aquatic environment may be an important fate process,
especially for the dissolved portion.
Evaporation of
lower-molecular-weight PAH's may be significant only in a
clear, rapidly flowing shallow stream.
Movement via sediment is
considered to be an important transport process for PAH's.
An exchange equilibrium exists in natural water systems between
absorbed and soluble PAH's.
Although the particulate form is
favored, a significant fraction of the PAH will be dissolved
except in systems that are very heavily contaminated by PAH's.
PAH's with fewer than four rings are degraded by microbes and
are readily metabolized by multicellular organisms.
Biodegradation is considered to be the ultimate fate process.
However, the concentration of bacteria and fungi capable of
oxidizing hydrocarbons are extremely low in all but heavily
polluted fresh and marine waters.
Most species cannot use PAH's
as a sole carbon source.
Microbial oxidation of PAH's requires
oxygen and will not proceed in anoxic sediments or water (Sax
1986).
|
References |
| 3107 | AQUIRE 1993 -.
Aquatic Toxity Information Retrieval Database.
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C.
|
| 2282 | Chin, Y., Weber, W.J. & Voice, T.C. 1986.
Determination of
partition coefficients and aqueous solubilities by reverse
phase chromatography - II: Evaluation of partitioning and
solubility models.
Wat Res. 20 (11): 1443 - 1450. |
| 415 | EPA. 1975.
Identification of organic compounds in
effluents from industrial sources, EPA-560/3-75-002. |
| 3296 | Geiger, D.
L. et al. 1985.
Acute toxicities of organic
chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) Vol. 2.
Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of
Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, Winconsin, U.S.A. 326.
|
| 594 | Holcombe, G.W., Phipps, G.L. & Fiandt, J.T. 1983.
Toxicity of
selected priority pollutants to various aquatic organisms.
Ecotoxicol.
Environ.
Saf. 8(2): 106 - 117. |
| 3120 | Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Jarvis, W.F., Meylan, W.M. &
Michalenko, E.M., Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates,
1991.
Lewis Publicers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, U.S.A.,
pp. 725.
|
| 1602 | Lillard, D.A. et al. 1975.
Aqueous odour, thresholds of organic
pollutants in industrial effluents.
EPA-660/4-75-002. |
| 2777 | Mackay, D. 1982.
Correlation of bioconcentration factors.
Environ.
Sci.
Technol., 16(5): 274 - 278. |
| 1603 | Meyers.
P.A. & Oas.
T.G. 1978.
Comparison of associations of
different hydrocarbons with clay particles in simulated
seawater.
Environ.
Sci. & Techn. 12(8). |
| 3105 | MITI 1992.
Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing
chemicals based on the CSCL Japan.
Compild under the Safety
Division Basic Industries Bureau Ministry of International
Trade & Industry, Japan.
Edited by Chemicals Inspection &
Testing Institute, Japan.
|
| 3104 | Sangster, J. 1989.
Octanol-water partition coefficients of
simple organic compounds.
J.
Phys.
Chem.
Ref.
Data, Vol 18, No.
3: 1111 - 1229. |
| 2147 | Sax, I. 1986.
Hazardous chemicals information annual No. 1.
Van
Nostrand Reinhold Information Services, New York. 766 s. |
| 1468 | Verschueren, K. 1983.
Handbook of environmental data of
organic chemicals.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Inc., New York.
1310 s. |
