Chemical |
Chromium(3+) |
CAS-number : |
16065-83-1 |
|
Synonyms : |
chromium(3+) ion. |
Kromi(3+)-ioni |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
Cr |
|
Molecular weight : |
52 |
|
Mobility : |
Chromium is normally in three (as kation) or six (as anion)
valent forms in soil and water.
In soil Cr3+ is precipitated
even in acid environment (pH 5,5).
CrVI compounds are unstable
both in acid and alkaline soils.
With precense of organic
matter CrVI reduces to Cr3+ (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1984).
In water CrVI is often dominating the soluble fraction as well in
oceans and in running water.
Cr3+ dominates when organic
matter is available.
CrVI is therefore rare in municipal
effluents (Balsberg-Påhlsson et al. 1982).
|
|
Metabolism in mammals : |
Metabolism in mammals is not quite clear (USEPA 1985).
Experiments with animals has shown that that Cr3+ salts are not
easily absorped in oral intake.
Excretes mostly with urine
(Kraintz & Talmage 1952).
|
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Cr in fish concentrates in gills, kidneys, liver, gall and
spleen (Balsberg-Påhlsson et al. 1982).
CrVI is taken up easier than Cr3+.
In cells CrVI is reduced to
Cr3+ (Taylor et al. 1979).
Cr taken up with food is more important than Cr taken up with
water to all aquatic animals except crustacean and fry.
Accumulation decreases with growing trophic level (Baptist &
Lewis 1969).
|
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
1870 |
orl-rat, CrCl3, Christensen 1973 |
|
-- |
600 |
orl-unk, 600-2600, Cr3+, |
2600 |
Smyth et al. 1969 |
|
Other information of mammals : |
CrVI has most extended harmful effects.
Exposure at low levels
in mammals has induced effects in respiratory tract, such as
bronchitis, pneumonia and tumours (WHO 1988).
Rat, inhalation 28 d / 90 d, changes in lungs: 0.006 - 0.2
mg/m3 (Glaser et al. 1985).
|
|
Carcinogenicity : |
Cr3+ considered not carcinogenic.
CrVI salts are carcinogenic
in epidemiologic tests (WHO 1988).
Cr och certain Cr compounds, exposure via inhalation:
Group 1, adequate proof for carcinogenicity to mammals and
humans (IARC 1982); EPA Guidelines - group A, carcinogenic to
humans (USEPA 1986).
|
|
Mutagenicity : |
Negative for Cr3+ (WHO 1988).
CrVI salts are mutagenic to mammals in vivo and in vitro (WHO
1988).
|
|
Effects on plants : |
Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp.) were grown in solution
culture.
The 0.0001 M Cr2(SO4)3 resulted in leaf yield reduction
of 83 % (0.022 mg Cr/g in leaf, 0.015 mg Cr/g in stem) and 88 %
(0.019 mg Cr/g in leaf) (Rehab & Wallace 1978c).
|
|
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
2 |
48hr, Daphnia magna, Cr3+, |
|
Biesinger & Christensen 1972 |
|
-- |
442 |
96hr, mbt, Asellus aquaticus, |
937 |
48hr, mbt, Asellus aquaticus, |
|
Martin & Holdich 1986 |
|
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.6 |
21d, rpd, Daphnia magna |
|
Biesinger & Christensen 1972 |
|
LOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.33 |
rpd, 21d, Daphnia magna |
|
Biesinger & Christensen 1972 |
|
-- |
0.5 |
Palaemonetes pugio, Cr3+, |
|
Doughtie & Rao 1984 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
4.4 |
96hr,Salmo gairdneri |
|
Stevens & Chapman 1984 |
|
-- |
58.5 |
96hr, Branchydanio rerio |
|
Bellavere & Gorbi 1981 |
|
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.089 |
srv, schr, Salmo gairdneri, Cr3+, |
|
Stevens & Chapman 1984 |
|
-- |
|
Other information of water organisms : |
EC0, Chlorella sp., 0.5 mg/l, Cr3+ (Nollendorf et al. 1972).
Salmo salar, rpd, 0.1 - 1 mg/l, Cr3+ (Brånin & Paulsson 1971). |
References |
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Miljöfarliga ämnen - exempellista och vetenskaplig
dokumentation. 303 p.
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kemikalieinspektionen (KEMI) 10. |
2814 | Babtist, J.P. & Lewis, C.W. 1969.
Transfer of Zn-65 and Cr-51
through an estuarine food chain.
Symposium of radioecology: 420
- 425. |
2812 | Bahlsberg-Påhlsson, A.-M., Lithner, G. & Tyler, G. 1982.
Krom i
miljön.
SNV PM 1570. |
123 | Bellavere, C. & Gorbi, J. 1981.
A comparative analysis of acute
toxicity of chromium, copper and cadmium to Daphnia magna,
Biomphalaria glabrata, and Brachydanio rerio.
Environ.
Technol.
Lett. 2: 119. |
139 | Biesinger, K.E. & Christensen, G.M. 1972.
Effects of
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Fish.
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Board Can. 29:
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2825 | Brånin, B. & Paulsson, C. 1971.
Långtidsförsök med tungmetaller
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2548 | Christensen, H.E.
(Ed.) 1973.
The toxic substances list, 1973
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Rockville, Maryland, June 1973. |
353 | Doughtie, D.G. & Rao, K.R. 1984.
Histopathological and
ultrastructural changes in the antennal gland, midgut,
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following exposure to hexavalent chromium.
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Invertebr.
Pathol. 43 (1). |
2817 | Glaser, U., Hochrainer, D., Kloppel, H. & Kuhnen, H. 1985.
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Toxicol.
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2727 | IARC 1982.
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2541 | Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. 1984.
Trace elements in soils
and plants.
CRC Press, Inc.
Boca Raton, Florida. |
2816 | Kraintz, L. & Talmage, R.V. 1952.
Distribution of radioactivity
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in the rat and rabbit.
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Soc.
Exp.
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1763 | Martin, T.R. & Holdich, D.M. 1986.
The acute lethal toxicity of
heavy metals to peracarid crustaceans (with particular
reference to fresh-water asellids and gammarids).
Water Res.
20(9): 1137 - 1147. |
2827 | NIOSH 1983.
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(RTECS), Vol. 2.
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2818 | Nollendorf, A., Pakalne, E. & Upitis, V. 1972.
Little known
trace elements in Chlorella culture.
Latv.
PSR Zinat.
Akad.
Vestis (Latvian SSR) 7: 33 - 43 (in Russian). |
1601 | Rehab, F.I. & Wallace, A. 1978a.
Excess trace metal effects on
cotton. 1.
Copper, zinc, cobalt, and manganese in solution
culture.
Commun.
Soil Sci.
Plant Anal. 9(6): 507 - 518. |
2826 | Smyth, H.F., Carpenter, C.P., Weil, C.S., Pozzanni, U.C.,
Striegel, J.A. & Nycum, J.S. 1969.
Range finding toxicity data:
List VII.
Amer.
Ind.
Hyg.
Ass.
J. 30: 470. |
1373 | Stevens, D.G. & Chapman, G.A. 1984.
Toxicity of trivalent
chromium to early life stages of steelhead trout.
Environ.
Toxicol.
Chem. 3(1): 125 - 133. |
2813 | Taylor, M.C., Reeder, S.W. & Demayo, A. 1979.
Guidelines for
Surface Water Quality, I.
Inorganic Chemical Substances.
Chromium.
Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch,
Ottawa, Canada. |
2815 | USEPA 1985.
Health Effects Criteria Document for Chromium.
USEPA Criteria and Standards Dividion (CSD), Office of Drinking
Water (ODW), Washington, D.C. |
2744 | USEPA 1986a.
Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment.
Fed.
Reg. 51(185): 33992 - 34003, September 24. |
2577 | WHO 1988.
Chromium, Environmental Health Criteria 61, WHO,
Geneva. |