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Data bank of environmental chemicals     |     The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)
 


25.4.2024

Data bank of environmental properties of chemicals


Chemical
DDT
CAS-number :
50-29-3
 
Synonyms :
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane.
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane
Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
p,p'-DDT
 
Sumformula of the chemical :
C14H9Cl5
EINECS-number :
2000243
 
Uses :
Insecticide, nematocide. 
Mainly in tropical devoloping 
countries.
 
Odor :
Odor threshold: detection: 0.35 mg/kg water (Sigworth 1964).
 
Molecular weight :
354.48
 
Density, kg/m3 :
1550  20 °C
 
Vapor pressure, mmHg :
0.0000002  20°C, exact 0.00000019 mmHg
 
Water solubility, mg/l :
0.0031  0.0031 - 0.0034, 25°C
0.0034 
< 1, MITI 1992
 
Melting point, °C :
108 
108  MITI 1992
 
Boiling point, °C :
260 
 
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow :
6.19  Anon. 1986, Anon.1988
6.19  Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981
6.28  Anon. 1986
6.19  at 20 °C, Verschueren 1983
5.75  Mackay 1982
6.38  MITI 1992
 
Log organic C/water coefficient, log Pcw :
5.14  exptl, Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981
4.95  calcd, Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981
 
Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol :
2.7  Anon. 1988
3.94  Anon. 1989
 
Mobility :
Equilibrium distribution:
         mass %
air      0.40
water    0.42
solid   99.18
(Anon 1988)
 
Photochemical degradation in air :
Degradation very slow in sunlight: 34 % in 7 days (>290 nm)
(Gäb et al. 1975).

Photooxidation half-life in air:
17.7d - 177d,
scientific judgement based upon estimated rate constant for
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Howard 1991).
 
Photochemical degradation in water :
Permanent in sunlight (in river water) for 8 weeks. 
In tropical
conditions, photochemical degradation is faster (Eichelberger &
Lichtenberg 1971).

Photooxidation by u. v. lihgt in aqueous medium at 90 - 95 °C:
time for the formation of CO2 (% of theoretical)
             25 %:  25.9 hr
             50 %:  66.5 hr
             75 %: 120.0 hr (Verschueren 1983)


Photooxidation half-life in water: 
7d - 350d, 
scientific judgement based upon measured rate constant for 
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Howard 1991).
 
Hydrolysis in water :
First order hydrolysis half-life:
22yr, calculated from measured base catalyzed hydrolysis
constant (Howard 1991).
 
Half-life in air, days :
0.74  17.7hr - 177hr,
7.4  scientific judgement based upon estimated
  photooxidation half-life in air,
  Howard 1991
 
Half-life in soil, days :
3837  Li et al. 1990
  --
1086  3 - 10 years
3620  Ray & Trieff 1980
  --
720  2yr - 15.6yr,
5616  based upon observed rates of biodegradation in
  aerobic soils under field conditions,
  Howard 1991
 
Half-life in water, days :
3.08  = 73.9hr,calculated,25 °C,1 m depth
  Verschueren 1983)
  --
7d - 350d, in surface water,
350  scientific judgement based upon estimated
  photooxidation half-life in water,
16  16d - 31.5d, in ground water,
31.3  based upon anaerobic flooded soil die-away study
  data for DDT for two flooded soils
  and observed rates of biodegradation of DDT in
  aerobic soils under field conditions,
  Howard 1991
 
Aerobic degradation in water :
Permanent in static bottle test (28 d) (Tabak et al. 1981);
although very slow degradation to DDD (Kobayashi & Rittmann
1982).

Aerobic half-life:
2yr - 15.6yr, based upon observed rates of biodegradation in
aerobic soils under field conditions (Howard 1991).
 
Anaerobic degradation in water :
Anaerobic degradation to DDD (Guenzi & Beard 1968).

Anaerobic half-life:
16d - 100d, based upon anaerobic flooded soil die-away study
for two flooded soils (Howard 1991).
 
Total degradation in soil :
75 - 100 % disappearance from soils: 4 - 30 years
(Edwards 1966).
 
Total degradation in water :
In river water: 100 % of original compound found after 8 weeks
(Verschueren 1983).

Biodegradation:
0% by BOD
period: 14d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
 
Other information of degradation :
Degradation products of special interest: DDE, DDD,
3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (very toxic in mammals) (Lund et al. 1988).
 
Other information of metabolism :
A metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE is found in seals. 
The
chemical is persistent and strongly toxic after metabolic
activation (Jensen & Jansson 1976, Lund et al. 1988).

DDT induces MFO-enxymes in liver in birds and mammals
(WHO 1979).
 
Bioconcentration factor, fishes :
29400  p,p'-DDT, 32d, Pimephales
51000  p,p'-DDE, 32d, Pimephales
  Veith et al. 1979
  --
2390  Cyprinus carpio
200  Salmo
  Verschueren 1983
  --
5100  5100 - 24400, 10w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.001 mg/l,
24400 
6080  6080 - 25900, 10w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.0001 mg/l,
25900  MITI 1992
 
Other information of bioaccumulation :
Confirmed to be accumulated on a high level (Anon. 1987).

Bioconcentration factor (mammals):
37000000, sea water/dolphin (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).

Bioconcentration factor (mollusca):
700 - 70000, (Verschueren 1983).
70000, oyster (Weber 1977).
15000, sum of DDT (Verschueren 1983).
  
Bioconcentration factor (crustaceans):
12100, sea water/zoopl. (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).
20000, Daphnia (Kenaga & Goring 1980).
  
Bioconcentration factor (algae):
4720 - 80000
 
Bioconcentration factor (other organisms):
80000, Amphidinium (Cox 1970).
 
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg :
87  orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984
200  orl-mky
  --
113  orl-rat, Lewis & Tatken 1980
 
LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg :
300  skn-rbt, Lewis & Sweet 1984
1931  skn-rat
  --
200  ukn-rat, Virtanen & Nuuja 1987
 
Other information of mammals :
3-methylsulfonyl-DDE: mouse, acute injuries in adrenal glands 
(Lund et al. 1988).
 
Health effects :
Man, 0.5 mg/kg, per day, during 21 months, no harmful effects 
(Martin 1968).
 
Carcinogenicity :
NCI carcinogenesis bioassay completed: results negative,
mus,rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984).

No carcinogenic effects in humans after 1300 months, 10 - 20
years (Rippen 1988).
 
Mutagenicity :
Negative in the Ames test (van Dijk & van de Vorde 1976).
 
LDLo values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg :
300  orl-ckn, Lewis & Sweet 1984
 
Effects on reproduction of birds :
Ring-dove, DDE induces thinning of the eggshell and impaired
reproduction (Moriarty 1988).
 
Effects on wastewater treatment :
Removal/secondary treatment:
100%, removal percentage based upon data form a continuous
activated sludge biological treatment simulator. 
(Howard 1991).
 
EC50 values to algae, mg/l :
0.1  7d, Skeletonema
  Pomeroy et al. 1980
 
LOEC values to algae, mg/l :
0.001  rpd,phy,chr,Chlorella fusca
  Goulding et al. 1984
  --
0.01  pht,act, 4 hr, Dunaliella euchlora
0.01  pht,act, 4 hr, Skeletonema costatum
  Derby & Ruber 1971
 
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l :
0.00036  48hr, Daphnia pulex
  Sanders & Cope 1966
  --
0.00036  48hr, Daphnia magna
  Sanders & Cope 1966, Frear & Boyd 1967
  --
0.048  24hr, Macrobrachium kistensis
  Fawade et al. 1983
  --
0.003  96hr, Daphnia magna
  Knapek & Lakola 1974
  --
0.001  48hr, Daphnia magna
  Randall et al. 1979
  --
0.001  act, Daphnia magna, Kenaga 1979
  --
0.0008  96hr, Gammarus fasciatus
0.00024  96hr, Orconectes nais
  Sanders 1972
  --
0.00148  48hr, Daphnia pulex, Priester 1966
  --
40  > 40, act, Daphnia pulex,
  Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981
  --
3.5  act, Daphnia pulex
  Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967
  --
0.0086  1d, Macrobrachium lamarrei
0.0061  2d, Macrobrachium lamarrei
0.0047  3d, Macrobrachium lamarrei
  Mary et al. 1986
  --
0.03  96hr, Nitocra, Linden et al. 1979
  --
0.56  4d, Baratelphusa cunicularis
  Rao & Nagabhushanam 1987
  --
0.004  96hr, Asellus, 21 °C
0.001  96hr, Gammarus lacustris, 21 °C
0.0023  96hr, Palaemonetes, 21 °C
0.00018  96hr, juvenile, Orconectes, 21 °C
  Johnson & Finley 1980
  --
0.0023  96hr, Palaemonetes kadiakensis
0.004  96hr, Asellus brevicaudus
  Sanders 1972
  --
0.0025  48hr, Simocephalus serrulatus
  Sanders & Cope 1966
 
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l :
0.0004  0.0004 - 0.001, 48 hr, Daphnia pulex,
0.001  Shapiro 1974
  --
1.1  2d, mbt, Daphnia pulex
  Passino & Smith 1987
  --
0.0047  48hr, Daphnia magna, first instar, 15 °C
0.015  48hr, Cypridopsis, 21 °C
  Johnson & Finley 1980
 
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l :
0.00026  15d, Salmo gairdneri
  Verschueren 1983
  --
0.007  96hr, Salmo gairdneri
0.002  96hr, Salmo trutta
0.009  96hr, Perca fluviatilis
  Macek & McAllister 1970
  --
0.122  48hr, Aplocheilus lineatus
2.28  48hr, Macrobodus cupatus
  Jacob et al. 1982
  --
0.151  96hr, Cyprinus carpio
  Singh et al. 1981
  --
0.54  96hr, Cyprinus carpio
0.046  96hr, Salmo gairdneri
  Knapek & Lakola 1974
  --
0.003  96hr, Lepomis macrochirus
  Randall et al. 1979
  --
0.068  48hr, Carassius auratus
  Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981
  --
0.11  48hr, Cyprinus carpio
  Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967
  --
0.005  act,Lepomis macrochirus, Kenaga 1979
0.019  act,Pimephales promelas
0.002  act, Salmo gairdneri
  --
0.0004  96hr, Medinia medinia, Lowe 1967
  --
0.0058  96hr, Pimephales promelas, Priester 1966
  --
0.35  4d, Cyprinus carpio
  Kulshrestha & Arora 1986
  --
0.004  96hr, Oncorhynchus kisutch, 13 °C
0.0087  96hr, Salmo gairdneri, 13 °C
0.0027  96hr, Esox lucius, 13 °C
0.0122  96hr, Pimephales promelas, 18 °C
0.0215  96hr, Ictalurus punctatus, 18 °C
0.0086  96hr, Lepomis macrochirus, 18 °C
0.0015  96hr, Micropterus salmoides, 18 °C
0.009  96hr, Perca flavescens, 18 °C
  Johnson & Finley 1980
  --
0.0335  48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992
 
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l :
0.002  srv,rpd,schr, Pimephales promelas,
  Järvinen et al. 1977
 
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l :
0.0005  srv,rdp,schr, Pimephales promelas,
  Järvinen et al. 1977
 
Effects on physiology of water organisms :
Cyprinus carpio; 0.01 mg/100g/day; 10 d, biochemical effect
(change in physiochemical process including glycogen uptake,
cholesterol levels and lipid analysis) (Kobayashi et al. 1987). 
Tilapia mossambica; 0.001 mg/l, 20 d, histological effect
(presence of physical damage to tissues) (Shukla & Pandey 1986).
 
Other information of water organisms :
LC50, 24 hr, Chironomus, 0.0047 mg/l (Estenik & Collins 1979).

LC50, 10 d, 3.98 mg/l, Phagocata gracilis (Bonner & Wells 1987).

LC50, 96hr, 0.007 mg/l, 15 °C, Pteronarcys, second year class;
LC50, 96hr, 0.0012 mg/l, 15 °C, Isoperla, juvenile; LC50, 96hr,
0.0074, 15 °C, Chaoborus, juvenile (Johnson & Finley 1980).

The p,p'-isomer appears to be more toxic than the o,p-isomer to
invertebrates. 
DDE is one of the primary metabolites of DDT in
invertebrates and produces biological effects similar to those
of the parent compound. 
DDT rapidly accumulates in
invertebrates to several thousand times the exposure level in
concentrations as low as 80 ng/l. 
The residue half-life was 7
days in Daphnia. 
A 60 % reproductive impairment was observed in
Daphnia at 0.100 mg/l. 
No difference in toxicity was noted
between hard and soft water. 
Although isomers tested were toxic
to rainbow trout sac fry, the more polar compounds appeared
more toxic than the less polar ones. 
DDT detrimentally altered
several physiological characteristics, including normal ratios
of serum amino acids, thyroid activity, and the ability to
withstand stress. 
Food seems to be more important than water as
a source of body residues. 
Although DDT was not observed to
affect gonad maturation, the mortality of fry produced by
treated parents was high, especially during the terminal stages
of yolk absorption (Johnson & Finley 1980).
 
Other information :
The toxicity increases when the hardness of water increases
(Bergling & Dave 1984).

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