Chemical |
DDT |
CAS-number : |
50-29-3 |
|
Synonyms : |
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane. |
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane |
Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane |
p,p'-DDT |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
C14H9Cl5 |
EINECS-number : |
2000243 |
|
Uses : |
Insecticide, nematocide.
Mainly in tropical devoloping
countries.
|
|
Odor : |
Odor threshold: detection: 0.35 mg/kg water (Sigworth 1964).
|
|
Molecular weight : |
354.48 |
|
Density, kg/m3 : |
1550 |
20 °C |
|
Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
0.0000002 |
20°C, exact 0.00000019 mmHg |
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
0.0031 |
0.0031 - 0.0034, 25°C |
0.0034 |
|
1 |
< 1, MITI 1992 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
108 |
|
108 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Boiling point, °C : |
260 |
|
|
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
6.19 |
Anon. 1986, Anon.1988 |
6.19 |
Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
6.28 |
Anon. 1986 |
6.19 |
at 20 °C, Verschueren 1983 |
5.75 |
Mackay 1982 |
6.38 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Log organic C/water coefficient, log Pcw : |
5.14 |
exptl, Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
4.95 |
calcd, Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981 |
|
Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol : |
2.7 |
Anon. 1988 |
3.94 |
Anon. 1989 |
|
Mobility : |
Equilibrium distribution:
mass %
air 0.40
water 0.42
solid 99.18
(Anon 1988)
|
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
Degradation very slow in sunlight: 34 % in 7 days (>290 nm)
(Gäb et al. 1975).
Photooxidation half-life in air:
17.7d - 177d,
scientific judgement based upon estimated rate constant for
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Howard 1991).
|
|
Photochemical degradation in water : |
Permanent in sunlight (in river water) for 8 weeks.
In tropical
conditions, photochemical degradation is faster (Eichelberger &
Lichtenberg 1971).
Photooxidation by u. v. lihgt in aqueous medium at 90 - 95 °C:
time for the formation of CO2 (% of theoretical)
25 %: 25.9 hr
50 %: 66.5 hr
75 %: 120.0 hr (Verschueren 1983)
Photooxidation half-life in water:
7d - 350d,
scientific judgement based upon measured rate constant for
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Howard 1991).
|
|
Hydrolysis in water : |
First order hydrolysis half-life:
22yr, calculated from measured base catalyzed hydrolysis
constant (Howard 1991).
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
0.74 |
17.7hr - 177hr, |
7.4 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated |
|
photooxidation half-life in air, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
3837 |
Li et al. 1990 |
|
-- |
1086 |
3 - 10 years |
3620 |
Ray & Trieff 1980 |
|
-- |
720 |
2yr - 15.6yr, |
5616 |
based upon observed rates of biodegradation in |
|
aerobic soils under field conditions, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
3.08 |
= 73.9hr,calculated,25 °C,1 m depth |
|
Verschueren 1983) |
|
-- |
7 |
7d - 350d, in surface water, |
350 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated |
|
photooxidation half-life in water, |
16 |
16d - 31.5d, in ground water, |
31.3 |
based upon anaerobic flooded soil die-away study |
|
data for DDT for two flooded soils |
|
and observed rates of biodegradation of DDT in |
|
aerobic soils under field conditions, |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
Permanent in static bottle test (28 d) (Tabak et al. 1981);
although very slow degradation to DDD (Kobayashi & Rittmann
1982).
Aerobic half-life:
2yr - 15.6yr, based upon observed rates of biodegradation in
aerobic soils under field conditions (Howard 1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic degradation to DDD (Guenzi & Beard 1968).
Anaerobic half-life:
16d - 100d, based upon anaerobic flooded soil die-away study
for two flooded soils (Howard 1991).
|
|
Total degradation in soil : |
75 - 100 % disappearance from soils: 4 - 30 years
(Edwards 1966).
|
|
Total degradation in water : |
In river water: 100 % of original compound found after 8 weeks
(Verschueren 1983).
Biodegradation:
0% by BOD
period: 14d
substance: 100 mg/l
sludge: 30 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
|
|
Other information of degradation : |
Degradation products of special interest: DDE, DDD,
3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (very toxic in mammals) (Lund et al. 1988).
|
|
Other information of metabolism : |
A metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE is found in seals.
The
chemical is persistent and strongly toxic after metabolic
activation (Jensen & Jansson 1976, Lund et al. 1988).
DDT induces MFO-enxymes in liver in birds and mammals
(WHO 1979).
|
|
Bioconcentration factor, fishes : |
29400 |
p,p'-DDT, 32d, Pimephales |
51000 |
p,p'-DDE, 32d, Pimephales |
|
Veith et al. 1979 |
|
-- |
2390 |
Cyprinus carpio |
200 |
Salmo |
|
Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
5100 |
5100 - 24400, 10w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.001 mg/l, |
24400 |
|
6080 |
6080 - 25900, 10w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.0001 mg/l, |
25900 |
MITI 1992 |
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Confirmed to be accumulated on a high level (Anon. 1987).
Bioconcentration factor (mammals):
37000000, sea water/dolphin (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).
Bioconcentration factor (mollusca):
700 - 70000, (Verschueren 1983).
70000, oyster (Weber 1977).
15000, sum of DDT (Verschueren 1983).
Bioconcentration factor (crustaceans):
12100, sea water/zoopl. (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).
20000, Daphnia (Kenaga & Goring 1980).
Bioconcentration factor (algae):
4720 - 80000
Bioconcentration factor (other organisms):
80000, Amphidinium (Cox 1970). |
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
87 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
200 |
orl-mky |
|
-- |
113 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Tatken 1980 |
|
LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
300 |
skn-rbt, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
1931 |
skn-rat |
|
-- |
200 |
ukn-rat, Virtanen & Nuuja 1987 |
|
Other information of mammals : |
3-methylsulfonyl-DDE: mouse, acute injuries in adrenal glands
(Lund et al. 1988).
|
|
Health effects : |
Man, 0.5 mg/kg, per day, during 21 months, no harmful effects
(Martin 1968).
|
|
Carcinogenicity : |
NCI carcinogenesis bioassay completed: results negative,
mus,rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984).
No carcinogenic effects in humans after 1300 months, 10 - 20
years (Rippen 1988).
|
|
Mutagenicity : |
Negative in the Ames test (van Dijk & van de Vorde 1976).
|
|
LDLo values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
300 |
orl-ckn, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
|
Effects on reproduction of birds : |
Ring-dove, DDE induces thinning of the eggshell and impaired
reproduction (Moriarty 1988).
|
|
Effects on wastewater treatment : |
Removal/secondary treatment:
100%, removal percentage based upon data form a continuous
activated sludge biological treatment simulator.
(Howard 1991).
|
|
EC50 values to algae, mg/l : |
0.1 |
7d, Skeletonema |
|
Pomeroy et al. 1980 |
|
LOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
0.001 |
rpd,phy,chr,Chlorella fusca |
|
Goulding et al. 1984 |
|
-- |
0.01 |
pht,act, 4 hr, Dunaliella euchlora |
0.01 |
pht,act, 4 hr, Skeletonema costatum |
|
Derby & Ruber 1971 |
|
LC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.00036 |
48hr, Daphnia pulex |
|
Sanders & Cope 1966 |
|
-- |
0.00036 |
48hr, Daphnia magna |
|
Sanders & Cope 1966, Frear & Boyd 1967 |
|
-- |
0.048 |
24hr, Macrobrachium kistensis |
|
Fawade et al. 1983 |
|
-- |
0.003 |
96hr, Daphnia magna |
|
Knapek & Lakola 1974 |
|
-- |
0.001 |
48hr, Daphnia magna |
|
Randall et al. 1979 |
|
-- |
0.001 |
act, Daphnia magna, Kenaga 1979 |
|
-- |
0.0008 |
96hr, Gammarus fasciatus |
0.00024 |
96hr, Orconectes nais |
|
Sanders 1972 |
|
-- |
0.00148 |
48hr, Daphnia pulex, Priester 1966 |
|
-- |
40 |
> 40, act, Daphnia pulex, |
|
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
|
-- |
3.5 |
act, Daphnia pulex |
|
Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967 |
|
-- |
0.0086 |
1d, Macrobrachium lamarrei |
0.0061 |
2d, Macrobrachium lamarrei |
0.0047 |
3d, Macrobrachium lamarrei |
|
Mary et al. 1986 |
|
-- |
0.03 |
96hr, Nitocra, Linden et al. 1979 |
|
-- |
0.56 |
4d, Baratelphusa cunicularis |
|
Rao & Nagabhushanam 1987 |
|
-- |
0.004 |
96hr, Asellus, 21 °C |
0.001 |
96hr, Gammarus lacustris, 21 °C |
0.0023 |
96hr, Palaemonetes, 21 °C |
0.00018 |
96hr, juvenile, Orconectes, 21 °C |
|
Johnson & Finley 1980 |
|
-- |
0.0023 |
96hr, Palaemonetes kadiakensis |
0.004 |
96hr, Asellus brevicaudus |
|
Sanders 1972 |
|
-- |
0.0025 |
48hr, Simocephalus serrulatus |
|
Sanders & Cope 1966 |
|
EC50 values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
0.0004 |
0.0004 - 0.001, 48 hr, Daphnia pulex, |
0.001 |
Shapiro 1974 |
|
-- |
1.1 |
2d, mbt, Daphnia pulex |
|
Passino & Smith 1987 |
|
-- |
0.0047 |
48hr, Daphnia magna, first instar, 15 °C |
0.015 |
48hr, Cypridopsis, 21 °C |
|
Johnson & Finley 1980 |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.00026 |
15d, Salmo gairdneri |
|
Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
0.007 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
0.002 |
96hr, Salmo trutta |
0.009 |
96hr, Perca fluviatilis |
|
Macek & McAllister 1970 |
|
-- |
0.122 |
48hr, Aplocheilus lineatus |
2.28 |
48hr, Macrobodus cupatus |
|
Jacob et al. 1982 |
|
-- |
0.151 |
96hr, Cyprinus carpio |
|
Singh et al. 1981 |
|
-- |
0.54 |
96hr, Cyprinus carpio |
0.046 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
|
Knapek & Lakola 1974 |
|
-- |
0.003 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus |
|
Randall et al. 1979 |
|
-- |
0.068 |
48hr, Carassius auratus |
|
Hashimoto & Nishiuchi 1981 |
|
-- |
0.11 |
48hr, Cyprinus carpio |
|
Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967 |
|
-- |
0.005 |
act,Lepomis macrochirus, Kenaga 1979 |
0.019 |
act,Pimephales promelas |
0.002 |
act, Salmo gairdneri |
|
-- |
0.0004 |
96hr, Medinia medinia, Lowe 1967 |
|
-- |
0.0058 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, Priester 1966 |
|
-- |
0.35 |
4d, Cyprinus carpio |
|
Kulshrestha & Arora 1986 |
|
-- |
0.004 |
96hr, Oncorhynchus kisutch, 13 °C |
0.0087 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri, 13 °C |
0.0027 |
96hr, Esox lucius, 13 °C |
0.0122 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas, 18 °C |
0.0215 |
96hr, Ictalurus punctatus, 18 °C |
0.0086 |
96hr, Lepomis macrochirus, 18 °C |
0.0015 |
96hr, Micropterus salmoides, 18 °C |
0.009 |
96hr, Perca flavescens, 18 °C |
|
Johnson & Finley 1980 |
|
-- |
0.0335 |
48hr, Oryzias latipes, MITI 1992 |
|
LOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.002 |
srv,rpd,schr, Pimephales promelas, |
|
Järvinen et al. 1977 |
|
NOEC values to fishes, mg/l : |
0.0005 |
srv,rdp,schr, Pimephales promelas, |
|
Järvinen et al. 1977 |
|
Effects on physiology of water organisms : |
Cyprinus carpio; 0.01 mg/100g/day; 10 d, biochemical effect
(change in physiochemical process including glycogen uptake,
cholesterol levels and lipid analysis) (Kobayashi et al. 1987).
Tilapia mossambica; 0.001 mg/l, 20 d, histological effect
(presence of physical damage to tissues) (Shukla & Pandey 1986). |
|
Other information of water organisms : |
LC50, 24 hr, Chironomus, 0.0047 mg/l (Estenik & Collins 1979).
LC50, 10 d, 3.98 mg/l, Phagocata gracilis (Bonner & Wells 1987).
LC50, 96hr, 0.007 mg/l, 15 °C, Pteronarcys, second year class;
LC50, 96hr, 0.0012 mg/l, 15 °C, Isoperla, juvenile; LC50, 96hr,
0.0074, 15 °C, Chaoborus, juvenile (Johnson & Finley 1980).
The p,p'-isomer appears to be more toxic than the o,p-isomer to
invertebrates.
DDE is one of the primary metabolites of DDT in
invertebrates and produces biological effects similar to those
of the parent compound.
DDT rapidly accumulates in
invertebrates to several thousand times the exposure level in
concentrations as low as 80 ng/l.
The residue half-life was 7
days in Daphnia.
A 60 % reproductive impairment was observed in
Daphnia at 0.100 mg/l.
No difference in toxicity was noted
between hard and soft water.
Although isomers tested were toxic
to rainbow trout sac fry, the more polar compounds appeared
more toxic than the less polar ones.
DDT detrimentally altered
several physiological characteristics, including normal ratios
of serum amino acids, thyroid activity, and the ability to
withstand stress.
Food seems to be more important than water as
a source of body residues.
Although DDT was not observed to
affect gonad maturation, the mortality of fry produced by
treated parents was high, especially during the terminal stages
of yolk absorption (Johnson & Finley 1980).
|
|
Other information : |
The toxicity increases when the hardness of water increases
(Bergling & Dave 1984).
|
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