Chemical |
p-cresol |
CAS-number : |
106-44-5 |
|
Synonyms : |
1-hydroxy-4-methylbenzene |
4-hydroksitolueeni |
4-hydroxytoluene |
4-methylphenol |
4-metyylifenoli |
p-kresoli |
p-methylphenol |
p-metyylifenoli |
|
Sumformula of the chemical : |
C7H8O |
EINECS-number : |
2033986 |
|
Uses : |
Intermediate; disinfectant.
|
|
State and appearance : |
Yellowish liquid
|
|
Odor : |
Quality: tarlike
hedonic tone: pungent
Taste threshold conc.: 0.002 mg/l
Odor threshold: detection: 0.2 mg/l (Verschueren 1983).
|
|
Molecular weight : |
108.15 |
|
Spesicif gravity (water=1) : |
1.0347 |
at 20/4 °C |
|
Conversion factor, 1 ppm in air=_mg/m3 : |
4.5 |
mg/m3, Verschueren 1983 |
|
Conversion factor, 1 mg/m3 in air=_ppm : |
0.22 |
ppm, Verschueren 1983 |
|
Vapor pressure, mmHg : |
0.04 |
20 °C |
0.11 |
25 °C |
1 |
53 °C |
0.13 |
at 25 °C, Riddick et al. 1986 |
|
Water solubility, mg/l : |
24000 |
40 °C |
53000 |
100 °C |
22600 |
at 40 °C, Riddick et al. 1986 |
|
Melting point, °C : |
34.8 |
|
|
Boiling point, °C : |
202 |
|
|
Log octanol/water coefficient, log Pow : |
1.94 |
ANON 1986 |
2.2 |
Anon 1986 |
1.92 |
1.92/1.94 |
1.94 |
Verschueren 1983 |
1.97 |
Sangster 1989 |
1.94 |
Hansch & Leo 1985 |
|
Henry's law constant, Pa x m3/mol : |
0.86 |
Anon 1988 |
0.03971 |
calc. Yaws et al. 1991 |
0.0973 |
calc. Leuenberger et al. 1985 |
|
Volatilization : |
4-Cresol has a low volatility from water, having a calculated
Henry's Law constant of 9.6x10-7 atm-m3/mol (Leuenberger 1985).
Based on laboratory rata on its rate of evaporarion from water,
4-cresol would have an estimated half-life of 1.4 year and 290
years in a typical river and lake, respectively (Lyman et al
1982) (Smith & Bomberger 1980).
|
|
Adsorption/desorption : |
The value of Koc measured on Brookstone clay loam soil is 49,
whereas that predicted from water solubility is 0.9 (Boyd 1982).
On five fine-textured B horizon clay soils, the distribution
between soil and water ranged from 5 to 50.
For these
subsurface soils the levels of free iron oxide and pH were the
key factors in determing adsoption capacity (Artiola-Fortuny
1982).
The Koc of 4-cresol to 3 subsoils (% organic carbon) was:
Apison (0.11) - 3420; Fullerton (0.05) - 3350; and Dormont
(1.2) - 115.
Koc's for phenols predicted from water
solubilities were only good for soils with organic carbon
contents >0.5%.
Adsorptivities were much greater than predicted
for soils with low organic carbon content because interactions
such as H-bonding were dominant (Southworth & Keller 1986).
|
|
Mobility : |
Equilibrium distribution:
mass %
air 22.58
water 75.58
solid 1.84
(Anon 1988)
|
|
Photochemical degradation in air : |
Photooxidation half-life in air:
15hr - 1.5hr, based upon measured rate data for the vapor phase
reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard 1991).
In the atmosphere during daylight hours 4-cresol reacts
principally with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals
with a resulting half-life of 10 hr.
However in the nighttime
especially in the moderately polluted atmospheres where
concentrations of O3 and NO2 are high, reaction with NO3
radicals becomes the predominant sink for 4-cresol (half-life 4
min) with the formation of nitrocresols (Atkinson et al. 1979)
(Atkinson et al. 1984).
Under photochemical smog conditions a half-life of 3 hr has
been reported and nitrocresols have been formed (Atkinson et al
1980) (Nojima & Kanno 1977).
|
|
Photochemical degradation in water : |
Aquatic photolysis half-life:
283hr, based upon photolysis rate data for April sunlight.
Photooxidation half-life in water:
1.3yr - 6d, scientific judgement based upon measured rate data
for reactions with singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals in
aqueous solution (Howard 1991).
4-cresol in pure water photolyzed in the presence of sunlight
(half-life 35 days) in the laboratory.
The addition of humic
acid to the water increases this rate by a factor of 12
(half-life 3 days).
The resulting photolysis half-life in a
river, eutrophic lake or pond and oligotrophic lake are 400,
830 and 200 summer days (12 hr of sunlight), respectively.The
absorptivity of 4-cresol increases markedly as the pH increases
from 5.1 to 8.9 and photolysis may therefore be much more
important in alkaline lakes (Smith et al. 1978).
|
|
Half-life in air, days : |
|
|
0.625 |
15hr - 1.5hr, |
0.0625 |
based upon photooxidation half-life in air. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in soil, days : |
0.666 |
16hr - 1hr, |
0.0416 |
scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Half-life in water, days : |
0.666 |
16hr - 1hr, |
0.0416 |
in surface water: scientific judgement based upon unacclimated marine and freshwater grab sample data. |
28 |
28d - 2hr, |
0.083 |
in ground water: scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life and aqueous anaerobic half-life. |
|
Howard 1991 |
|
Aerobic degradation in water : |
Aerobic half-life:
16hr - 1hr, scientific judgement based upon unacclimated marine
and freshwater grab sample data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Anaerobic degradation in water : |
Anaerobic half-life:
28d - 10d, scientific judgement based upon anaerobic screening
test data (Howard 1991).
|
|
Total degradation in soil : |
Decomposition period by a soil microflora: 1 day (Verschuren
1983).
4-Cresol completely degraded in soil in 7 days at an
application rate of 500 ppm (Huddleston et al. 1986).
|
|
Total degradation in sediment : |
No mineralization of 4-cresol was observed when incubated for
29 weeks in anaerobic lake sediment (Horowitz et al. 1982).
|
|
Ready biodegradability : |
Confirmed to be biodegradable (Anon. 1987). |
|
Other information of degradation : |
Degradation of p-cresol:
*-------------------------------------------------------------*
ENVIRONMENT INIT.CONC REDOX- TEMP DEGRADATION REF
mg/l COND. °C %/day
*-------------------------------------------------------------*
water 1 - 3 aerobic 20 100/8 a
water 1 - 3 anaerobic 20 100/41 a
water 100 aerobic 22 70/2 b
water 100 aerobic 22 100/2 b
sediment 100 aerobic 22 100/2 b
sediment 100 aerobic 22 100/4 b
groundwater appr. 0.2 sulfate 20 90/10 c
reducing
sludge appr. 50 anaerobic 35 51/28 d
sludge appr. 50 anaerobic 35 100/21 d
soil suspension 10 aerobic 25 100/1 e
*-------------------------------------------------------------*
a) Delfino & Miles 1985 d) Horowirz et al. 1982
b) Van Veld & Spain 1983 e) Alexander & Lustigman 1966
c) Smolenski & Suflita 1987
(Anon 1987b).
75 % reduction of the nitrification process in non adapted
activated sludge at: 16.5 mg/l (Meinck et al. 1970).
Inhibition of degradation of glucose by Pseudomonas fluorescens
at: 30 mg/l.
Inhibition of degradation of glucose by E. coli
at: >1000 mg/l (Bringman & Kuhn 1960).
Biodegradation: decomposition period by a soil microflora:
1 day (Verschuren 1983).
4-Cresol has been shown to be biodegradable rapidly in
screening studies using soil, sewage, activated sludge and
freshwater inocula.
Acclimation is frequently not necessary.
Complete COD removal was obtained in a simulated biological
treatment plant in 16-74 hr. 4-Cresol biodegrades rapidly in
environmental waters including oligotropic lakes, eutrophic
ponds, rivers, creeks and bays (Howard 1989).
Under anaerobic conditions 4-cresol was mineralized in 3 and 8
weeks in two screening studies using digester sludge inocula
(Boyd et al. 1983) (Shelton & Tiedje 1984).
In a study using domestic anaerobic sludge inocula
mineralization occurred after 15 days at a 4-cresol concn of
100 ppm and increased to >39 days at a concn of 400 ppm
(Fedorak & Hrudey 1984).
|
|
Other information of bioaccumulation : |
Using the log octanol/water partition coefficient of 1.94 a
bioconcentration factor of 18 is estimated.
Therefore 4-cresol
would not be expected to biocontrate significantly in fish
(Lyman et al. 1982).
|
|
LD50 values to mammals in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
207 |
orl-rat, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
1800 |
orl-rat, Patty 1967 |
1100 |
orl-rbt, Patty 1967 |
|
LD50 values to mammals in non-oral exposure , mg/kg : |
160 |
unk-mus, Lewis & Sweet 1984 |
301 |
skn-rbt, - " - |
750 |
skn-rat, - " - |
|
LD50 values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg : |
96 |
>96.0, orl-Agelaius phoeniceus |
|
Schafer et al. 1983 |
|
Maximum longterm immission concentration in air for plants,mg/m3 : |
0.2 |
VDI 2306 |
|
Maximum longterm immission concentration in air for plants,ppm : |
0.05 |
VDI 2306 |
|
NOEC values to algae, mg/l : |
6 |
Scenedesmus, Meinck et al. 1970 |
|
NOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l : |
12 |
srv, act, Daphnia, Meinck et al. 1970 |
6 |
rpd, schr, Scenedesmus |
|
LC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
7.9 |
96 hr, Salmo gairdneri, DeGraeve et al. |
|
1980 |
|
-- |
4 |
24 hr, Salmo trutta, Anon. 1973 a |
|
-- |
17 |
24 hr, Rutilus rutilus, Jones 1971 |
|
-- |
19 |
96hr, Pimephales promelas |
|
Vincent et al. 1976 |
|
-- |
7.5 |
96hr, Salmo gairdneri |
|
Hodson et al. 1984 |
|
-- |
21 |
24hr, Carassius carassius |
17 |
24hr, Rutilus rutilus |
16 |
24hr, Tinca tinca |
|
Anon 73a |
|
-- |
5 |
Salmo gairdneri, Verschueren 1983 |
|
-- |
16.5 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1986 |
|
EC50 values to fishes, mg/l : |
16.5 |
96 hr, Pimephales promelas, Geiger et al. 1986 |
|
Other information of water organisms : |
EC50 (24 hr), 160 mg/l, rpd, Tetrahymena pyriformis
(Yoshioka et al. 1985).
EC50 (2 d), 168.25 mg/l, grw, Tetrahymena pyriformis
(Schultz 1987).
|
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